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111.
112.
Leo A. J. Nagelkerke Ferdinand A. Sibbing Jos G. M. van den Boogaart Eddy H. R. R. Lammens Jan W. M. Osse 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1994,39(1):1-22
Synopsis All living species occupy an ecological niche, and are positioned within a trophic hierarchy. Extinct organisms presumably
held similar behavioral and coevolutionary characteristics in the past, and were susceptible to the same kinds of natural
ecological pressures operating today. Paleoecological investigations are limited by the incompleteness of the fossil record,
and particularly by a lack of behavioral data that are so fundamental to ecological studies of living communities and habitats.
Opportunities to examine the coevolutionary structure of ancient communities from empirical data are extremely rare. One such
opportunity is provided by the Lower Cretaceous Santana Formation of north-eastern Brazil, a series of richly fossiliferous
strata approximately 110 million years old. Many fossil fishes from the Santana Formation contain identifiable prey, including
decapod crustaceans and fishes. A trophic hierarchy of these organisms is reconstructed here, and their ecological relationships
are discussed. Comparison is made with a similar fish fauna from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Germany. Low-level,
intermediate and high-level predators are identified in each fauna. Predator-prey relationships in the Santana fauna are strongly
hierarchical, and are more focussed at the intermediate predator level than in Solnhofen. Comparison with a model of predator-prey
relationships between fishes and benthic fauna of the Baltic Sea (which like the Araripe Basin represents a semi-enclosed
environment) suggests that heavy predation on teleosts such asRhacolepis, occupying an intermediate trophic level, may have permitted benthic decapods to proliferate and exclude other benthic organisms.
Less intense predation on fishes at the intermediate trophic level would allow their numbers to increase, thereby increasing
the intensity of predation on the benthos at the base of the trophic hierarchy. 相似文献
113.
Wim van Houten Leo van Raamsdonk Konrad Bachmann 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》1994,190(1-2):49-67
The Chilean annual,Microseris pygmaea, has differentiated in distinct coastal and inland series of populations after long-distance dispersal from western North America. Two plants from the most diverse biotypes were crossed, a large F2 was raised and analysed for segregation of 30 phenotypic characters. Segregation of molecular markers (47 RAPDs, 1 RFLP, 2 isozymes) was determined in a subpopulation of 45 plants which include all extremes for the phenotypic characters. 32 marker/character cosegregations were significant at the 1% level in t-tests between dominant and homozygous recessive marker genotypes. Considering linkage among markers and pleiotropy of certain marker loci, the number of independent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is reduced to about 18. Interactions among 2 or 3 QTLs affecting one character have been characterized. The phenotypic differentiation ofM. pygmaea during its evolution from a single founder individual begins to be understood at the level of single-gene mutants. 相似文献
114.
Giovanni Mita Carmela Gerardi Antonio Miceli Roberto Bollini Pietro De Leo 《Plant cell reports》1994,13(7):406-410
Summary An in vitro culture of Alkanna tinctoria Tausch cells was set up in order to investigate the possibility of producing alkannin, a red naphthoquinone naturally present in the root bark of this plant. Furthermore, an in vitro culture of callusderived roots was established and the production of alkannin evaluated. In the different experimental conditions investigated, differences in the production of alkannin derivatives as well as in the type of pigments produced, were observed. The potential use of this technology is discussed. 相似文献
115.
116.
G. Hardarson F. A. Bliss M. R. Cigales-Rivero R. A. Henson J. A. Kipe-Nolt L. Longeri A. Manrique J. J. Peña-Cabriales P. A. A. Pereira C. A. Sanabria S. M. Tsai 《Plant and Soil》1993,152(1):59-70
Field experiments were performed in Austria, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru as part of an FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme to investigate the nitrogen fixing potential of cultivars and breeding lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Each experiment included approximately 20 bean genotypes which were compared using the 15N isotope dilution method. Great differences in nitrogen fixation were observed between and within experiments, with average values of 35% N derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and highest values of 70% Ndfa being observed. These values which were larger than had been reported previously for common bean, were observed only when environmental factors were favorable. Therefore, common bean lines are available, which can support high biological nitrogen fixation. These can be used either directly as cultivars for production or in breeding programmes to enhance nitrogen fixation in other cultivars. 相似文献
117.
Minimizing the effect of mineral nitrogen on biological nitrogen fixation in common bean by increasing nutrient levels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has good potential for N2 fixation, some additional N provided through fertilizer usually is required for a maximum yield. In this study the suppressive effect of N on nodulation and N2 fixation was evaluated in an unfertile soil under greenhouse conditions with different levels of soil fertility (low=no P, K and S additions; medium = 50, 63 and 10 mg kg–1 soil and high = 200, 256 and 40 mg kg–1 soil, respectively) and combined with 5, 15, 60 and 120 mg N kg–1 soil of 15N-labelled urea. The overall average nodule number and weight increased under high fertility levels. At low N applications, nitrogen had a synergistic effect on N2 fixation, by stimulating nodule formation, nitrogenase activity and plant growth. At high fertility and at the highest N rate (120 mg kg–1 soil), the stimulatory effect of N fertilizer on N2 fixation was still observed, increasing the amounts of N2 fixed from 88 up to 375 mg N plant–1. These results indicate that a suitable balance of soil nutrients is essential to obtain high N2 fixation rates and yield in common beans. 相似文献
118.
Michel J. A. Flipphi Jaap Visser Peter van der Veen Leo H. de Graaff 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1993,39(3):335-340
Using l-arabitol as an inducer, simple induction conditions were established that resulted in high-level expression of -l-arabinofuranosidase A by an Aspergillus niger
d-xylulose kinase mutant strain. These conditions were adapted to construct a cDNA expression library from which an -l-arabinofuranosidase A cDNA clone was isolated using specific antiserum. The corresponding gene encoding -l-arabinpfuranosidase A (abfA) was isolated from a genomic library and cloned into a high copy plasmid vector. By co-transformation of uridine auxotrophic mutants lacking orotidine-5-phosphate decarboxylase activity, the afbA gene was introduced both in A. niger and A. nidulans, using the A. niger pyrA gene as selection marker. The identity of the abfA gene was confirmed by overexpression of the gene product by A. niger and A. nidulans transformants, upon growth using sugar beet pulp as the carbon source. 相似文献
119.
R.E. Benveniste R.W. Hill W.B. Knott C-C. Tsai L. Kuller W.R. Morton 《Journal of medical primatology》1993,22(2-3):124-128
Baboons (Papio cynocephalus) imported from Ethiopia were screened for antibodies to various primate retroviruses by immunoblotting. Antibodies that cross-reacted with SIV/Mne or with type D viral antigens were detected in approximately one-third of these animals. In addition, 20% of these baboons had antibodies that cross-reacted with HTLV-I viral antigens. These data suggest that wild-caught baboons are infected with retroviruses only partially related to known primate viral isolates. 相似文献
120.
Leo S. Melchers Marianne B. Sela-Buurlage Sandra A. Vloemans Charles P. Woloshuk Jeroen S. C. Van Roekel Jan Pen Peter J. M. van den Elzen Men J. C. Cornelissen 《Plant molecular biology》1993,21(4):583-593
The Nicotiana tabacum ap24 gene encoding a protein with antifungal activity toward Phytophthora infestans has been characterized. Analysis of cDNA clones revealed that at least three ap24-like genes are induced in tobacco upon infection with tobacco mosaic virus. Amino acid sequencing of the purified protein showed that AP24 is synthesized as a preproprotein from which an amino-terminal signal peptide and a carboxyl-terminal propeptide (CTPP) are cleaved off during post-translational processing. The functional role of the CTPP was investigated by expressing chimeric genes encoding either wild-type AP24 or a mutant protein lacking the CTPP. Plants expressing the wild-type construct resulted in proteins properly sorted to the vacuole. In contrast, the proteins produced in plants expressing the mutant construct were secreted extracellularly, indicating that the CTPP is necessary for targeting of AP24 to the vacuoles. Similar results were obtained for vacuolar chitinases and -1,3-glucanases of tobacco. The extracellularly targeted mutant proteins were shown to have retained their biological activity. Together, these results suggest that within all vacuolar pathogenesis-related proteins the targeting information resides in a short carboxyl-terminal propeptide which is removed during or after transport to the plant vacuole. 相似文献