Genome-scale profiling of circulating cell-free DNA signatures for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients

Dear Editor, Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most deadly cancer worldwide.1 Cirrhosis of different causes predisposes patients to HCC,increasing th...     

丛枝菌根真菌的三个我国新记录种

象牙白球囊霉(图1~3)Glomus eburneum Kennedy,Stutz&Morton,Mycologia,91(6):1083~1093,1999.孢子透明-象牙白色,圆形,近圆形,直径35~120μm,或不规则形,35~60×100~120μm。孢壁2层,第一层无色透明,厚1~2μm,老孢子中该层壁易缺失。第二层壁,层状透明,厚1.0~2.5μm,压碎孢子该层壁易皱缩而与第一层壁分开。连孢菌丝无色透明,宽2~5μm,内含物油状。连孢菌丝有隔包住内含物,Melzer’s试剂中孢子无染色反应。标本号:B1,B4,B7,B10,Z2,Z3,Z6,Z9,Z10,Z12,N3,N6,N9,N11。从莱阳农学院长期定位试验田玉米和小麦根际土壤中分离得到。海得拉…     

Requirements for human‐induced pluripotent stem cells

‘Requirements for Human‐Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells’ is the first set of guidelines on human‐induced pluripotent stem cells in China, jointly drafted and agreed upon by experts from the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research. This standard specifies the technical requirements, test methods, and instructions for use, labeling, packaging, storage, transportation, and waste handling for human‐induced pluripotent stem cells, which apply to the production and quality control of human‐induced pluripotent stem cells. It was released by the Chinese Society for Cell Biology on 9 January 2021 and came into effect on 9 April 2021. We hope that the publication of these guidelines will promote institutional establishment, acceptance, and execution of proper protocols and accelerate the international standardization of human‐induced pluripotent stem cells for applications.     

Organoids in recapitulating tumorigenesis driven by risk factors: Current trends and future perspectives

Environmental and exogenous/ endogenous factors, in a setting of individual genetic predisposition, contribute to the cancer development. Over the years, epidemical evidence increasingly highlights the correlations of multiple cancer incentives and genetic alterations with cancer incidence. Unraveling the pivotal carcinogenesis events prompted by particular risk factors remarkably advances early surveillance and oncogenesis intervening. Traditional cell-based models and animal-based models are unrealistic and unreliable for translational study, respectively ascribing to the limited tumor heterogeneity and species-related variation. Organoid emerged as a fidelity model that well preserves the properties of its origin. With inherent quality of holistic perspective, organoid is therefore ideally suited for delineating the carcinogenesis under risk exposure, in favor of understanding pathogen-host interactions and alleviating cancer initiation. In this review, we have summarized the organoid model-based evidence that identified or validated carcinogenic risks, mainly including diet, aging, microbial infection, and chemical exposure. In addition, we envisioned the exciting prospect of organoid model in screening promising treatment and/or prevention during tumorigenesis. As a robust 3D in vitro system, organoid has been widespread applied in basial and clinical cancer research, which may elucidate crucial mechanisms of oncogenesis and develop novel targeting strategies.     

Propionibacterium acnes induces acute TNFα-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes followed by inflammatory T-cell-mediated granulomatous hepatitis in mice

The CD3+/TCR+ T-cell-mediated hepatic inflammation induced byPropionibacterium acnes could be divided into an acute and a chronic phase. The acute phase occurred within 72 h after injection and displayed hepatic apoptosis. Anti-TNF antibody inhibited both theP. acnes-induced hepatic apoptosis and lymphocyte infiltration seen in this phase, indicating the involvement of this cytokine. Thereafter, a chronic phase was manifested from days 7 to 14 after injection. It was characterized as granulomatous inflammation admixed with apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes and some hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the infiltrating lymphocytes displayed TNF, TNF type I receptor and a variety of cytokines including IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN or IL-12. Interestingly, in naive mice, the arteries in the liver constitutively expressed IFN. Its expression appeared to be substantially increased at 48 h, decreased at 72 h, and increased again on day 14 afterP. acnes injection. Furthermore, Fas or FasL was only detected on the lymphocytes within the granuloma. We conclude thatP. acnes can induce a TNF-mediated acute hepatic apoptosis which subsequently progress to a T-cell-mediated granulomatous hepatitis with increased expression of multiple cytokines and Fas/FasL.     

钙离子浓度对暗适应时的中华绒螯蟹光感受器超微结构的影响

用透射电镜研究了暗适应时中华绒螯蟹的光感受器超微结构与外界钙离子浓度的关系,结果显示出与培育在生理溶液中的光感受器相比,细胞外钙离子浓度升高,使得感杆束的直径急剧缩小,感杆束周围胞质增厚,胞饮泡增加,膜下猪泡囊极度减小。胞质中多囊体的数量和直径减小,而板模体和溶酶体的数量增加,同时细胞内的色素颗粒增多。分布在小网膜细胞的远端。细胞的结构表现为类似光适应状态,与之相反,细胞外钙离子浓度降低时小眼的感     

Spectroscopic properties, catalytic activities and mechanism studies of [(TpPh)Co(X)(CH3OH)m] . nCH3OH: bicarbonate dehydration in the presence of inhibitors

Two inhibitor-containing 'half-sandwich' cobalt(II) complexes [(TpPh)Co(X)(CH3OH)m] x nCH3OH ((TpPh) = hydrotris (3-phenylpyrazolyl)borate; 1: X- = N3-, m = 1, n = 2; 2: X- = NCS-, m = 0, n = 0) have been synthesized and used as the catalysts in the bicarbonate dehydration reaction. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, which shows that N3- and NCS- coordinate to the Co(II) ions of 1 and 2, respectively, with the Co-N bond lengths of 1.992(6) A and 1.901(3) A. The coordination geometries of the Co(II) complexes in solution are five-coordinated trigonal bipyramid as revealed by the spectroscopic measurements. The dehydration kinetic measurements of HCO3- are performed by the stopped-flow techniques at pH < 7.9. The apparent dehydration rate constant k(obs) varies linearly with Co(II) complex and H+ concentrations, respectively, and the catalytic activity of 2 is lower than that of 1. The aqua Co(II) complex must be the reactive catalytic species in the catalyzed dehydration reaction and the rate-determining step is the substitution of the labile water molecule by HCO3-. The k(obs) values increase with increasing reaction temperature, and the large negative entropy of activation also indicates the associative activation mode. The inhibition ability of NCS- is stronger than that of N3-, which can be rationalized by the decreases in the Co-N(N3-/NCS-) bond lengths and effective atomic charges of the Co(II) ions based on the X-ray crystallographic data and theoretical calculations in this work.