Stable Li Metal Anode Enabled by Space Confinement and Uniform Curvature through Lithiophilic Nanotube Arrays

The application of lithium (Li) metal anodes in rechargeable batteries is primarily restricted by Li dendrite growth on the metal's surface, which leads to shortened cycle life and safety concerns. Herein, well‐spaced nanotubes with ultrauniform surface curvature are introduced as a Li metal anode structure. The ultrauniform nanotubular surface generates uniform local electric fields that evenly attract Li‐ions to the surface, thereby inducing even current density distribution. Moreover, the well‐defined nanotube spacing offers Li diffusion pathways to the electroactive areas as well as the confined spaces to host deposited Li. These structural attributes create a unique electrodeposition manner; i.e., Li metal homogenously deposits on the nanotubular wall, causing each Li nanotube to grow in circumference without obvious sign of dendritic formation. Thus, the full‐cell battery with the spaced Li nanotubes exhibits a high specific capacity of 132 mA h g^?1 at 1 C and an excellent coulombic efficiency of ≈99.85% over 400 cycles.     

Efficient Organic Solar Cell with 16.88% Efficiency Enabled by Refined Acceptor Crystallization and Morphology with Improved Charge Transfer and Transport Properties

Single‐layered organic solar cells (OSCs) using nonfullerene acceptors have reached 16% efficiency. Such a breakthrough has inspired new sparks for the development of the next generation of OSC materials. In addition to the optimization of electronic structure, it is important to investigate the essential solid‐state structure that guides the high efficiency of bulk heterojunction blends, which provides insight in understanding how to pair an efficient donor–acceptor mixture and refine film morphology. In this study, a thorough analysis is executed to reveal morphology details, and the results demonstrate that Y6 can form a unique 2D packing with a polymer‐like conjugated backbone oriented normal to the substrate, controlled by the processing solvent and thermal annealing conditions. Such morphology provides improved carrier transport and ultrafast hole and electron transfer, leading to improved device performance, and the best optimized device shows a power conversion efficiency of 16.88% (16.4% certified). This work reveals the importance of film morphology and the mechanism by which it affects device performance. A full set of analytical methods and processing conditions are executed to achieve high efficiency solar cells from materials design to device optimization, which will be useful in future OSC technology development.     

Hollow CuS Nanoboxes as Li‐Free Cathode for High‐Rate and Long‐Life Lithium Metal Batteries

Transition metal sulfides hold promising potentials as Li‐free conversion‐type cathode materials for high energy density lithium metal batteries. However, the practical deployment of these materials is hampered by their poor rate capability and short cycling life. In this work, the authors take the advantage of hollow structure of CuS nanoboxes to accommodate the volume expansion and facilitate the ion diffusion during discharge–charge processes. As a result, the hollow CuS nanoboxes achieve excellent rate performance (≈371 mAh g^?1 at 20 C) and ultra‐long cycle life (>1000 cycles). The structure and valence evolution of the CuS nanobox cathode are identified by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the lithium storage mechanism is revealed by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and operando Raman spectroscopy for the initial charge–discharge process and the following reversible processes. These results suggest that the hollow CuS nanobox material is a promising candidate as a low‐cost Li‐free cathode material for high‐rate and long‐life lithium metal batteries.     

Revisiting the Role of Conductivity and Polarity of Host Materials for Long‐Life Lithium–Sulfur Battery

Despite their high theoretical energy density and low cost, lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) suffer from poor cycle life and low energy efficiency owing to the polysulfides shuttle and the electronic insulating nature of sulfur. Conductivity and polarity are two critical parameters for the search of optimal sulfur host materials. However, their role in immobilizing polysulfides and enhancing redox kinetics for long‐life LSBs are not fully understood. This work has conducted an evaluation on the role of polarity over conductivity by using a polar but nonconductive platelet ordered mesoporous silica (pOMS) and its replica platelet ordered mesoporous carbon (pOMC), which is conductive but nonpolar. It is found that the polar pOMS/S cathode with a sulfur mass fraction of 80 wt% demonstrates outstanding long‐term cycle stability for 2000 cycles even at a high current density of 2C. Furthermore, the pOMS/S cathode with a high sulfur loading of 6.5 mg cm^?2 illustrates high areal and volumetric capacities with high capacity retention. Complementary physical and electrochemical probes clearly show that surface polarity and structure are more dominant factors for sulfur utilization efficiency and long‐life, while the conductivity can be compensated by the conductive agent involved as a required electrode material during electrode preparation. The present findings shed new light on the design principles of sulfur hosts towards long‐life and highly efficient LSBs.     

Hybrid Perovskite‐Organic Flexible Tandem Solar Cell Enabling Highly Efficient Electrocatalysis Overall Water Splitting

Perovskite‐organic tandem solar cells are attracting more attention due to their potential for highly efficient and flexible photovoltaic device. In this work, efficient perovskite‐organic monolithic tandem solar cells integrating the wide bandgap perovskite (1.74 eV) and low bandgap organic active PBDB‐T:SN6IC‐4F (1.30 eV) layer, which serve as the top and bottom subcell, respectively, are developed. The resulting perovskite‐organic tandem solar cells with passivated wide‐bandgap perovskite show a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.13%, with an open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.85 V, a short‐circuit photocurrent (J_sc) of 11.52 mA cm^?2, and a fill factor (FF) of 70.98%. Thanks to the advantages of low temperature fabrication processes and the flexibility properties of the device, a flexible tandem solar cell which obtain a PCE of 13.61%, with V_oc of 1.80 V, J_sc of 11.07 mA cm^?2, and FF of 68.31% is fabricated. Moreover, to demonstrate the achieved high V_oc in the tandem solar cells for potential applications, a photovoltaic (PV)‐driven electrolysis system combing the tandem solar cell and water splitting electrocatalysis is assembled. The integrated device demonstrates a solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of 12.30% and 11.21% for rigid, and flexible perovskite‐organic tandem solar cell based PV‐driven electrolysis systems, respectively.     

颅内动脉瘤夹闭术、血管内栓塞术治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效及安全性研究

目的:探讨颅内动脉瘤夹闭术、血管内栓塞术治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效及安全性。方法:回顾性分析2016年9月-2019年1月接受手术治疗的76例颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,根据手术方式的不同分为接受颅内动脉瘤夹闭术治疗的A组40例和接受血管内栓塞术治疗的B组36例。对比两组患者的动脉瘤完全闭合率、住院费用及血清炎性因子[C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]、脑氧饱和度水平及日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分值,记录并发症发生情况。结果:两组患者的动脉瘤完全闭合率比较差异无统计学意义(x~2=0.515,P=0.473)。A组患者的住院费用低于B组患者(t=17.732,P=0.000);A组患者术后血清中CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的水平高于B组(t=10.580、12.904、9.355、19.176,P均=0.000);A组患者术后脑氧饱和度水平低于B组(t=2.113,P=0.019),两组ADL评分值的差异无统计学意义(t=1.211,P=0.115);A组术中再破裂、脑血管痉挛发生率高于B组患者(x~2=4.817、5.383,P=0.028、0.020)。结论:颅内动脉瘤夹闭术应用于颅内动脉瘤患者,动脉瘤完全闭合率与血管内栓塞术无明显差异,住院费用更低,但对目标血管的刺激较大,可能存在术中再破裂、脑血管痉挛等风险。     

社区2型糖尿病患者血糖自我管理水平调查及并发糖尿病周围神经病变的影响因素分析

摘要 目的：调查社区2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血糖自我管理水平及分析T2DM并发糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）的影响因素。方法：于2016年6月~2017年6月期间采用整群随机抽样法随机抽取苏州市6个社区符合纳排标准的539例T2DM患者进行问卷调查,了解社区T2DM患者血糖自我管理水平情况,对患者进行体格检查并检测血生化指标,统计社区T2DM患者的DPN发生情况,采用多因素logistic回归分析T2DM患者并发DPN的影响因素。结果：本次研究共发放调查问卷539份,实际回收531份,其中T2DM并发DPN者86例,根据是否并发DPN将所有入选患者分为DPN组（n=86）和无DPN组（n=445）。社区T2DM患者的糖尿病自我管理行为量表（SDSCA）平均得分率为（49.38±5.23）%,DPN组和无DPN组在病程、体质量指数（BMI）、腰围、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、低 密 度 脂 蛋 白（LDL-C）、血 尿 素 氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Cr）、合并外周动脉疾病（PAD）、合并糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）中比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：病程≥7年、HbAlc≥8 mmol/L、合并PAD、合并DR、BMI≥25 kg/m²是社区 T2DM患者并发DPN的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：苏州市6个社区的T2DM患者血糖自我管理水平较低,且T2DM并发DPN的概率较高,病程≥7年、HbAlc≥8 mmol/L、合并PAD、合并DR、BMI≥25 kg/m²均是社区 T2DM患者并发DPN的危险因素,临床可对上述危险因素采取积极有效的措施,以有效降低T2DM并发DPN的发生率。     

没食子酸对美国白蛾幼虫营养效应及解毒酶活性的影响

美国白蛾是我国重大外来入侵害虫,寄主范围十分广泛。酚类物质是最广泛的植物次生代谢物之一,在植物抵御昆虫取食的化学防御中具有重要作用。本研究通过人工饲料添加没食子酸的方法,探究不同浓度的没食子酸对美国白蛾幼虫的营养效应及解毒酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果表明,各浓度(1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%)没食子酸对美国白蛾4龄幼虫的近似消化率、食物利用率、相对取食量和相对生长率均具有显著影响(P<0.05),近似消化率和相对取食量不同程度下降,食物利用率和相对生长率则不同程度上升。不同浓度的没食子酸处理对美国白蛾幼虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和细胞色素P450的活性均具有显著影响(P<0.05)。1.0%没食子酸作用时间不同,美国白蛾4龄幼虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和细胞色素P450的活性差异显著(P<0.05)。没食子酸能够始终诱导细胞色素P450的活性,而羧酸酯酶的活性却受到抑制。不同浓度的没食子酸对乙酰胆碱酯酶作用总体上不明显,但较低浓度时(1.0%)对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性却随处理时间延长而抑制作用加强。较低浓度(1.0%~1.5%)的没食子酸对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性有一定诱导作用,但随着没食子酸浓度提高谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性却受到一定程度的抑制。没食子酸能抑制美国白蛾幼虫的取食,并且对解毒酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性表现出一定的时间效应和剂量效应,表明美国白蛾幼虫可能通过调节食物利用和解毒代谢等多种途径降低没食子酸的毒害作用,从而对含没食子酸的寄主植物产生适应。