Studies of fluids simulating blood-like rheological properties and applications in models of arterial branches

We studied several non-Newtonian fluids to determine how closely they simulate the flow behavior of human blood. The viscous and viscoelastic properties of these fluids were compared with human blood samples in steady flow and transient flow Couette viscometers and in an oscillatory tube flow viscoelasticity analyzer. We examined: 1) A polyacrylamide suspension (Separan AP30 and AP45) to which we added 4% isopropanol and 0.01% magnesium chloride. 2) A suspension of 2% Dextran with 16% by weight biconcave disc-shaped particles simulating red blood cells. 3) 40% ghost cells prepared according to Dodge in Tri (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane. These ghost cells were used to simulate the two-phase flow behavior of blood. 4) A suspension of 5% Dextran (70,000) with 12% polystyrene particles (diameter of 1 micron) and 10 mMol calcium chloride. All these fluids closely approximate the flow behavior of blood and can be used in a variety of different experimental situations. To measure velocity distribution using a laser-Doppler-anemometer, we used fluids #1 and #3 in a rigid T-junction simulating the first septal branch of the left descending coronary artery. The measurements were done in steady and pulsatile flow experiments at different flow rate ratios. The fluids showed large differences in velocity profiles compared to Newtonian fluids.     

Effect of photobioreactor inclination on the biomass productivity of an outdoor algal culture

The profiles of photon flux density incidented on a tubularloop photobioreactor in the day could be altered by inclining the bioreactor at an angle with the horizontal. The photon flux density at noon decreased with increasing angle of inclination, whereas the photon flux density in the early morning and late afternoon increased with increasing angle of inclination. The overall photosynthetic radiance received by the bioreactor inclined at 0, 25, 45, and 80 degrees was 1:0.89:0.77:0.62. Regardless of the angle of bioreactor inclination, the overall biomass output rate of a fed-batch culture over an 8-h/day period was comparable (26-36 g-biomass m(-2) bioreactor surface area day(-1)). As a bioreactor inclined at an angle occupied smaller land area, and daily biomass output rate per land area of a bioreactor inclined at 80 degrees (130 g-biomass m(-2) land) was about six times of that obtainable at horizontal position (21-g biomass m(-2) land). The bioenergetics growth yield from the absorbed photosynthetic radiance was not a constant but an inverse function of the photon flux density. The quasi-steady state chlorophyll content of the Chlorella cells varied between 36 and 63 mg g(-1) cells. Photoinhibition of the maximum photosynthetic capacity was not observed in this study.     

Gly-238-Ser substitution changes the substrate specificity of the SHV class A beta-lactamases

The SHV-type beta-lactamase SHV-2A is related to SHV-1 by a Gly-238-Ser replacement. Strains carrying SHV-2A are resistant to the third generation cephems cefotaxime and ceftizoxime, whereas those that carry SHV-1 are sensitive to these drugs. We present a kinetic analysis of a SHV-1 and SHV-2A enzymes, with the goal of gaining insight into the role of residue 238 in hydrolyzing cefotaxime and ceftizoxime. SHV-2A shows altered kinetic properties for a number of other cephems that also have heterocyclic side chains at the amino position of the 7-aminocephalosporanic acid nucleus (R1 side chain), including a significantly higher kcat/Km than does SHV-1 for cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cefotiam. Two cephems with straight chain R1 substitutions, cephalosporin C and cephacetrile, are not hydrolyzed more efficiently by SHV-2A. These results indicate that the Ser-238-Gly substitution increases the affinity toward cephems with a heterocyclic ring in the R1 side chain. In addition, the data for ampicillin and benzylpenicillin show that addition of a nitrogen to the second carbon of the R1 side chain of a penem results in a lower kcat/Km for SHV-2A relative to SHV-1. These data strongly suggest that the previously proposed hydrogen bond formation between Ser-238 and the second carbon nitrogen of cefotaxime is not an important factor in hydrolysis by SHV-2A. We propose that the Gly-238 to Ser-238 replacement in SHV-2A has altered the hydrophobic pocket so that it can better accommodate cephems with bulky R1 side chains.     

Preparation of enteric-coated microspheres of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine with cellulose acetate phthalate: The effect of swine serum on micromeritic properties

Summary Cellulose acetate phthalate was used to prepare the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine (MHV) microspheres using a solvent evaporation method. Swine serum was used as an additive in the antigen to form the core materials. The addition of serum had a significant effect on surface topography of the MHV microspheres. By using this modified solvent evaporation method, the recoveries of antigens in the MHV microspheres were generally over 90% of the weight and antigenicity of antigens originally added in the formulation.     

Comparison of an electrochemiluminescent homogenous immunoassay and an ELISA for monitoring productivity in mammalian cell bioreactors

Summary An Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assays (ELISA) and an Electro-chemiluminescent Immuno Assay (CIA) are compared for the purpose of monitoring product formation in mammalian cell bioreactors. The ELISA had a relative standard deviation of 10%, compared to 8% for the CIA . The CIA was found to be a fast and accurate alternative to the ELISA. The use of more than one immuno assay format was also shown to provide additional insight into process performance.     

Expression of the alpha, beta II, and gamma protein kinase C isozymes in the baculovirus-insect cell expression system. Purification and characterization of the individual isoforms

Detailed in vitro comparisons of the biochemical characteristics of three protein kinase C isozymes were performed. As an alternative to earlier uncertain separation methods and expression schemes, highly purified and genetically distinct protein kinase C enzymes were produced using the baculovirus expression system. The baculovirus expression system yielded approximately 200-300 micrograms of the purified isozyme from 3 x 10(8) (100 ml of culture medium) baculovirus-infected insect cells. Biochemical characterization of the expressed isozymes indicated that the three isozymes had virtually indistinguishable Ca2+, Mg2+, and ATP dependencies. However, in certain critical functional characteristics such as phosphatidylserine dependencies, phospholipid and substrate preferences, and arachidonic acid activation, the gamma isozyme exhibited distinctive properties when compared with both the alpha and beta II subtypes. In addition, the activity of the beta II subtype was more dependent upon diacylglycerol or phorbol esters for activation than either the alpha or gamma isoforms. The alpha isozyme, unlike the beta II and gamma forms, was totally dependent on Ca2+ for activation in the presence of free arachidonic acid. These studies provide definitive characterizations of the pure isoforms; many of the findings were consistent with earlier enzymatic observations using hydroxyapatite-purified isoforms. Thus, the distinctive biochemical properties of the protein kinase C isozymes are consistent with the hypothesis that each isoform may have distinct roles in signal transduction processes.     

Selective-Differential Medium for Isolation and Differentiation of Pectinatus from Other Brewery Microorganisms

An agar medium, LL-agar (lactate-lead acetate) was designed to selectively differentiate members of the genus Pectinatus (S. Y. Lee, M. S. Mabee, and N. O. Jangaard, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:582-594, 1978; S. Y. Lee, M. S. Mabee, N. O. Jangaard, and E. K. Horiuchi, J. Inst. Brew. 86:28-30, 1980) from other brewery microorganisms. Selectivity was achieved by the use of sodium lactate as the sole source of carbon and phenylethyl alcohol as an inhibitor for aerobic gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Differentiation was established by the introduction of lead acetate into the medium, which reacted with the H₂S liberated by Pectinatus and resulted in a blackening of the Pectinatus colonies while the other brewery organisms, when present, remained white. In combination with the Lee tube (J. E. Ogg, S. Y. Lee, and B. J. Ogg, Can. J. Microbiol. 25:987-990, 1979) and this medium, isolation of Pectinatus organisms from beer samples was accomplished with convenience and simplicity.     

A mathematical framework for the study of morphogenetic development in the slime mold

A mathematical continuum model of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum in the morphogenetic development stage is presented, which represents the amoebae as a fluid with surface tension, acted upon by a body force due to the presence of a chemical attractant. Assuming that the amoebae at a given time are in quasi-equilibrium, and that the shape of the organism is prescribed, it is possible to calculate from the model plausible concentration and source-sink distributions that are consistent with the given shape. Typical observed shapes are accounted for by the presence of very large concentrations and concentration gradients of the chemical attractant at the top of the structure.     

Resistance of cultures of normal T cells to infection with murine type C viruses.

Long-term continuous cultures of normal T cells were established from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice by using conditioned medium from concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes. The ability of various murine type C viruses to infect these normal T cell cultures was examined and compared with their ability to infect transformed T cells. All of the viruses examined, including a thymotropic radiation leukemia virus, were unable to infect and replicate in normal T cells but readily did so in transformed T cells.     

Alteration of plasmid DNA-mediated transformation and mutation induced by covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene- 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide in Escherichia coli

Plasmid-mediated transformation and mutagenesis induced by (±)-trans- benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide (BP-DEI) in recipient Escherichia coli (E. coli) have been studied. Because plasmid DNA is used, the system is entirely free from direct toxic effects of BP-DEI on the recipient cells. Plasmid pK0482 DNA, which has two dominant genes, β-lactamase (amp-r) and galactokinase (galK) was modified with BP-DEI prior to its transformation of E. coli N99, AB1157, AB2463(recA^?) and AB1886(uvrA^?). Transformants were selected by ampicillin resistance and mutations were analyzed simultaneously by the altered expression of the galK gene. (1) Approx. 3 molecules of BP-DEI per molecule of pK0482 DNA decreased the transformation efficiency to 37% in AB1157 and the mutation frequency in this strain was proportional to the amount of BP-DEI covalently bound to pK0482 DNA. (2) In AB1886(uvrA^?) a 37% transformation efficiency was produced by only 1 molecule of BP-DEI per molecule of pK0482 DNA, and the mutation frequency in this strain was higher than in AB1157. (3) In AB2463(recA^?), the transformation efficiency was similar to that obtained with AB1157, but mutagenesis was clearly suppressed. (4) Polyacrylamide gel patterns of restriction digests of the pK0482 mutated at the galK gene were indistinguishable from those of the unmutated plasmid DNA.