Growth pattern and survival in populations of Poecilia vivipara (Teleostei; Poeciliidae) inhabiting an environmental gradient: a common garden study

We performed a common garden experiment to assess the existence of genetic differences on growth and body size between two populations of Poecilia vivipara inhabiting extremes of an environmental gradient caused by water salinity in lagoons of Northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: the Campelo lagoon (freshwater) and Açu lagoon (brackish/saltwater). The two populations show extreme differences in average phenotypes for body size, shape and life history (freshwater populations with smaller body size, lower fecundity and larger reproductive allotment). Pregnant females were brought to the lab and the offspring from both groups were kept in a common recirculating system with freshwater. Standard length and survival were measured weekly over a period of 200 days and growth models were fitted and selected with information criteria. The offspring originally from the brackish water lagoon presented larger asymptotic length, higher maximum growth rate but lower survival than the offspring originally from the freshwater lagoon. Potential confounding variables such as density differences due to mortality and maternal effects (offspring size) were included as covariates in comparisons of growth rates between groups. The results are consistent with phenotypic differences among populations having some genetic basis, and with the existence of a trade-off between growth and maintenance due to the high growth/low survival observed in the group that changed from salt to freshwater. Comparisons of captive and natural populations suggest that the influence of environmental factors, such as salinity, food availability, fish density and predation should also be considered relevant to explain phenotypic variation in this system.     

WFS1 and non-syndromic low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss: A novel mutation in a Portuguese case

Low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (LFSNHL) is an unusual type of HL in which frequencies at 2000 Hz and below are predominantly affected. Most of the families with LFSNHL carry missense mutations in WFS1 gene, coding for wolframin.     

Inferring a weighted elastic network from partial unfolding with coarse‐grained simulations

A number of studies have demonstrated that simple elastic network models can reproduce experimental B‐factors, providing insights into the structure–function properties of proteins. Here, we report a study on how to improve an elastic network model and explore its performance by predicting the experimental B‐factors. Elastic network models are built on the experimental coordinates, and they only take the pairs of atoms within a given cutoff distance r_c into account. These models describe the interactions by elastic springs with the same force constant. We have developed a method based on numerical simulations with a simple coarse‐grained force field, to attribute weights to these spring constants. This method considers the time that two atoms remain connected in the network during partial unfolding, establishing a means of measuring the strength of each link. We examined two different coarse‐grained force fields and explored the computation of these weights by unfolding the native structures. Proteins 2014; 82:119–129. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A Novel Intracellular Peptide Derived from G1/S Cyclin D2 Induces Cell Death

Intracellular peptides are constantly produced by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and many are probably functional. Here, the peptide WELVVLGKL (pep5) from G₁/S-specific cyclin D2 showed a 2-fold increase during the S phase of HeLa cell cycle. pep5 (25–100 μm) induced cell death in several tumor cells only when it was fused to a cell-penetrating peptide (pep5-cpp), suggesting its intracellular function. In vivo, pep5-cpp reduced the volume of the rat C6 glioblastoma by almost 50%. The tryptophan at the N terminus of pep5 is essential for its cell death activity, and N terminus acetylation reduced the potency of pep5-cpp. WELVVL is the minimal active sequence of pep5, whereas Leu-Ala substitutions totally abolished pep5 cell death activity. Findings from the initial characterization of the cell death/signaling mechanism of pep5 include caspase 3/7 and 9 activation, inhibition of Akt2 phosphorylation, activation of p38α and -γ, and inhibition of proteasome activity. Further pharmacological analyses suggest that pep5 can trigger cell death by distinctive pathways, which can be blocked by IM-54 or a combination of necrostatin-1 and q-VD-OPh. These data further support the biological and pharmacological potential of intracellular peptides.     

Transformation of Mexican lime with an intron-hairpin construct expressing untranslatable versions of the genes coding for the three silencing suppressors of Citrus tristeza virus confers complete resistance to the virus

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the causal agent of the most devastating viral disease of citrus, has evolved three silencing suppressor proteins acting at intra- (p23 and p20) and/or intercellular level (p20 and p25) to overcome host antiviral defence. Previously, we showed that Mexican lime transformed with an intron-hairpin construct including part of the gene p23 and the adjacent 3' untranslated region displays partial resistance to CTV, with a fraction of the propagations from some transgenic lines remaining uninfected. Here, we transformed Mexican lime with an intron-hairpin vector carrying full-length, untranslatable versions of the genes p25, p20 and p23 from CTV strain T36 to silence the expression of these critical genes in CTV-infected cells. Three transgenic lines presented complete resistance to viral infection, with all their propagations remaining symptomless and virus-free after graft inoculation with CTV-T36, either in the nontransgenic rootstock or in the transgenic scion. Accumulation of transgene-derived siRNAs was necessary but not sufficient for CTV resistance. Inoculation with a divergent CTV strain led to partially breaking the resistance, thus showing the role of sequence identity in the underlying mechanism. Our results are a step forward to developing transgenic resistance to CTV and also show that targeting simultaneously by RNA interference (RNAi) the three viral silencing suppressors appears critical for this purpose, although the involvement of concurrent RNAi mechanisms cannot be excluded.     

In vitro evaluation of co-exposure of arsenium and an organic nanomaterial (fullerene, C₆₀) in zebrafish hepatocytes

Taking into account the concept of the "Trojan Horse", where contaminants may have its entry into specific organs potentiated by its association with nanomaterials, the aim of this study was to analyze the joint toxic effects induced by an organic nanomaterial, fullerene (C(60)) with the metalloid arsenic (As(III)). Hepatocytes of zebrafish Danio rerio were exposed to As(III) (2.5 or 100 μM), C(60) or As+C(60) for 4h, not altering cells viability. Intracellular reactive oxygen species concentration was reduced in cells exposed only to the C(60) (1mg/L) and in the treatment of 100 μM As(III)+C(60). Co-exposure with C(60) abolished the peak of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) registered in cells exposed to the lowest As(III) concentration (2.5 μM). A similar result was observed in terms of lipid damage (TBARS). Total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher at both As(III) concentrations co-exposed to C(60) when compared with the control group. Activity of glutathione-S-transferase omega, a limiting enzyme in the methylation pathway of As(III), was reduced in the 100 μM As(III)+C(60) treatment. Cells co-exposed to C(60) had a significantly higher accumulation of As(III), showing a "Trojan Horse" effect which did not result in higher cell toxicity. Instead, co-exposure of As(III) with C(60) showed to reduce cellular injury.     

Myxobolus myleus n. sp. infecting the bile of the Amazonian freshwater fish Myleus rubripinnis (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae): morphology and pathology

Myxobolus myleus n. sp. is described from the gall-bladder of the freshwater fish Myleus rubripinnis collected near the city of Oriximiná in the Amazon System, Brazil. The spores obtained from the bile contained two equal symmetrical and smooth valves, each forming the spore wall. The spores were large, with a cone-like form, a semi spherical basal contour and measured (in μm) 19.3 ± 0.5 (n = 25) × 8.3 ± 0.5 (n = 25) × 4.0 ± 0.3 (n = 15). The apical end of the spores contained two elongate, equal and pointed conical polar capsules measuring 13.2 ± 0.4 μm (n = 25) in length and 3.0 ± 0.3 μm (n = 15) in width, each having a slightly tapering polar filament with 19 to 21 turns. The polar capsules were extended below at about 4/5 of the total length of the spores. The sporoplasm was binucleate and contained some sporoplasmosomes. All infected fish presented hypertrophy of the gall-bladder due to presence of the brownish parasite floating in the bile. In this paper we describe this new species of myxosporean based on light and ultrastructural observations, together with its associated pathology.     

Electrophysiological characterization of Tityus obscurus β toxin 1 (To1) on Na+-channel isoforms

To1, previously named Tc49b, is a peptide neurotoxin isolated from venom of the scorpion Tityus obscurus that is responsible for lethal human poisoning cases in the Brazilian Amazonian region. Previously, To1 was shown to be lethal to mice and to change Na⁺ permeation in cerebellum granular neurons from rat brain. In addition, To1 did not affect Shaker B K⁺ channels. Based on sequence similarities, To1 was described as a β-toxin. In the present work, To1 was purified from T. obscurus venom and submitted to an electrophysiological characterization in human and invertebrate Na_V channels. The analysis of the electrophysiological experiments reveal that To1 enhances the open probability at more negative potentials of human Na_V 1.3 and 1.6, of the insect channel BgNa_V1 and of arachnid VdNa_V1 channel. In addition, To1 reduces the peak of Na⁺ currents in some of the Na_Vs tested. These results support the classification of the To1 as a β-toxin. A structure and functional comparison to other β-toxins that share sequence similarity to To1 is also presented.     

Mitogen activated protein kinases SakAHOG1 and MpkC collaborate for Aspergillus fumigatus virulence

Here, we investigated which stress responses were influenced by the MpkC and SakA mitogen‐activated protein kinases of the high‐osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. The ΔsakA and the double ΔmpkC ΔsakA mutants were more sensitive to osmotic and oxidative stresses, and to cell wall damaging agents. Both MpkC::GFP and SakA::GFP translocated to the nucleus upon osmotic stress and cell wall damage, with SakA::GFP showing a quicker response. The phosphorylation state of MpkA was determined post exposure to high concentrations of congo red and Sorbitol. In the wild‐type strain, MpkA phosphorylation levels progressively increased in both treatments. In contrast, the ΔsakA mutant had reduced MpkA phosphorylation, and surprisingly, the double ΔmpkC ΔsakA had no detectable MpkA phosphorylation. A. fumigatus ΔsakA and ΔmpkC were virulent in mouse survival experiments, but they had a 40% reduction in fungal burden. In contrast, the ΔmpkC ΔsakA double mutant showed highly attenuated virulence, with approximately 50% mice surviving and a 75% reduction in fungal burden. We propose that both cell wall integrity (CWI) and HOG pathways collaborate, and that MpkC could act by modulating SakA activity upon exposure to several types of stresses and during CW biosynthesis.