Spongelike alginate nanoparticles as a new potential system for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides.

The aim of this study was to design a new antisense oligonucleotide (ON) carrier system based on alginate nanoparticles and to investigate its ability to protect ON from degradation in the presence of serum. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ON-loaded nanoparticles have been determined after intravenous administration. An original and dynamic process for ON loading into polymeric nanoparticles has been applied. It is based on the diffusion of ON or ON/polylysine complex into the nanoparticle or the alginate gel, respectively. Indeed, the single coincubation of ON with nanoparticles led, within a few days, to an extremely efficient association. The diffusion kinetic of ON was shown to be dependent on several parameters, incubation temperature, ON concentration, presence or absence of polylysine, polylysine molecular weight, and nanoparticle preparation procedure. This new alginate-based system was found to be able to protect [33P]-radiolabeled ON from degradation in bovine serum medium and to modify their biodistribution, as an important accumulation of radioactivity was observed in the lungs, in the liver, and in the spleen after intravenous administration into mice. ON may be associated efficiently with calcium alginate in a colloidal state. Such nanosponges are promising carriers for specific delivery of ON to lungs, liver, and spleen.     

Functional anatomy of the human saccus lacrimalis

The relations between the saccus lacrimalis and different portions of the musculus orbicularis oculi were studied in orbital regions of human fetuses sectioned into numbered series. No insertions of the pars lacrimalis or Horner's muscle on the saccus were found. These muscular fibres pass along the dorsal wall of the saccus and are separated from it by the reflex tendon of the ligamentum palpebrale mediale. The only muscular fibres that insert on the saccus are those that approach the anterior face of the saccus and the fornix. The fibres that insert on the anterior face proceed from the deep bundles of the pars preseptalis of the lower eyelids, and those that insert on the fornix derive from the deep bundles of the pars preseptalis of the upper eyelid.     

Effect of dilution rate on eicosapentaenoic acid productivity ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum utex 640 in outdoor chemostat culture

Summary Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) volumetric productivity from an outdoor chemostat culture ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 in a 50-l tubular photobioreactor varies with dilution rate, reaching a maximum of 47.8 mg l^–1 d^–1 at D=0.36 d^–1. Continuous culture at high dilution rates' is proposed as the most adequate operating mode to maximize polyunsaturated fatty acid production.     

L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine in the cerebral tissues of the adult rat. Effect of hypothyroidism]

The L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine concentrations in several brain areas (cerebral cortex, brain stem, hypothalamus, total brain and hypophysis) in normal and hypothyroid rats have been studied. Results show that L-thyroxine values at tissue level are inferior in the hypothyroid group, although non-significant with respect to the control group, whereas L-triiodothyronine presents values similar to the hypothyroid group and its control in all the brain regions studied with the exception of hypophysis. These results show that in hypothyroid situations exist a compensatory mechanism for maintaining the adequate L-triiodothyronine levels in several brain areas, although the serum levels are strongly decreased in hypothyroid animals.     

Effect of strontium and magnesium on blood calcium]

Twenty four male Wistar rats weighing 250 +/- 10 g, in three groups of 8 rats each, were used. Group A was used as control and the content of its drinking water was 6.5 mg/l Ca; 2.4 mg/l Mg. The drinking water of groups B and C was supplemented with 20 mM (SrCl2) and 20 mM (MgCl2), respectively. Once the 20 days of mineral supplementation had passed, arterial blood was extracted by puncture in the abdominal aorta. In the serum obtained after centrifugation, Ca, Mg, Sr and the total proteins (TP) were determined. Afterwards the serum was subjected to ultrafiltration. Concentrations of Ca, Mg and TP were measured in the obtained ultrafiltrates (u), with the above described techniques. The pH was measured before and after the ultrafiltration. The TP decreased significantly both in group B (supplemented with Sr), and in group C (supplement with Mg). Increases in Ca were found in group B and in Mg in group C. The Mg/Ca ratio increased 10% after the supplementation with Mg. At the ultrafiltrate a significant increase in Cau after supplementation with Sr and with Mg was observed. The Mgu/Cau ratio decreased 14% in the group supplemented with Sr and 38% after the supplementation with Mg. In conclusion, the supplementation with Sr (20 mM) in rats increases the Cau and could have the effect of reducing protein synthesis. These facts should be borne in mind when Sr is used for therapeutical purposes.     

The effect of storage on the frequency of dominant lethals in Drosophila melanogaster

Summary Ethylenimine, ethyl methanesulfonate and formaldehyde have been shown to produce a storage effect in dominant lethality in Drosophila melanogaster.     

Apport de la tomographie par émission de positons au 18F-fluorodéoxyglucose (TEP-FDG) dans la prise en charge du cancer du canal anal

ObjectiveTo evaluate the contribution of FDG-PET in the management of anal carcinoma, with special emphasis on its impact on therapeutic strategy.Materials and methodsFrom March 2005 to August 2008, 48 PET were performed on 43 patients with anal epidermoid carcinoma, in initial staging (IS: 20 exams), therapeutic response assessment (TRA: 11), and recurrence assessment (RA: 17). We compared initial therapeutic strategies defined on conventional assessment results, to final ones chosen after PET.ResultsPET revealed lesions that were undetected by conventional investigation in 23% of cases (IS: 25%; TRA: 18%; RA: 23%) and cleared suspicious lesions in 21% of cases (IS: 10%; TRA: 18%; RA: 35%). It influenced the therapeutic strategy, and sometimes even modified it radically, in 44% of cases (IS: 35%; TRA: 54%; RA: 47%). This therapeutic impact was stronger in settings with diagnostic ambiguity, in which PET allowed to specify the diagnosis and to orientate consequently the therapeutic choice.ConclusionPET is interesting in the management of anal carcinoma, especially in uncertain diagnostic settings, in which the metabolic information brought allows to influence the therapeutic choice in almost half of the cases.     

A new, transportable ergometer for the measurement of musculotendinous stiffness during wrist flexion.

We present here a new, dedicated mechanical device for monitoring quick-release movements of the wrist. The ergometer was designed to easily assess musculotendinous properties during wrist flexion. Maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and quick-release (QR) movements during wrist flexion were performed on 14 subjects. A validation of the ergometer, using a test-retest methodology, was performed to assess its reliability and sensitivity. The device has been technically and biomechanically validated in a range of situations, including inertia measurement (mean inertia was found 0.0119+/-0.0012 N m s(2) rad(-1)) and appearance of the unloading reflex. Our results indicate that the device provides highly reliable, sensitive evaluation of wrist muscle stiffness (intraclass correlation coefficient for inertia, maximal voluntary contraction and stiffness index were 0.873, 0.994 and 0.930, respectively). Its portability facilitates measurement of the influence of repetitive, occupational activity on the musculotendinous complex of the wrist flexors.