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11.
JULIE DUBOSCQ JÉRÔME MICHELETTA MUHAMMAD AGIL KEITH HODGES BERNARD THIERRY ANTJE ENGELHARDT 《American journal of primatology》2013,75(4):361-375
In primates, females typically drive the evolution of the social system and present a wide diversity of social structures. To understand this diversity, it is necessary to document the consistency and/or flexibility of female social structures across and within species, contexts, and environments. Macaques (Macaca sp.) are an ideal taxon for such comparative study, showing both consistency and variation in their social relations. Their social styles, constituting robust sets of social traits, can be classified in four grades, from despotic to tolerant. However, tolerant species are still understudied, especially in the wild. To foster our understanding of tolerant societies and to assess the validity of the concept of social style, we studied female crested macaques, Macaca nigra, under entirely natural conditions. We assessed their degree of social tolerance by analyzing the frequency, intensity, and distribution of agonistic and affiliative behaviors, their dominance gradient, their bared‐teeth display, and their level of conciliatory tendency. We also analyzed previously undocumented behavioral patterns in grade 4 macaques: reaction upon approach and distribution of affiliative behavior across partners. We compared the observed patterns to data from other populations of grade 4 macaques and from species of other grades. Overall, female crested macaques expressed a tolerant social style, with low intensity, frequently bidirectional, and reconciled conflicts. Dominance asymmetry was moderate, associated with an affiliative bared‐teeth display. Females greatly tolerated one another in close proximity. The observed patterns matched the profile of other tolerant macaques and were outside the range of patterns of more despotic species. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of females’ social behavior in a tolerant macaque species under natural conditions and as such, contributes to a better understanding of macaque societies. It also highlights the relevance of the social style concept in the assessment of the degree of tolerance/despotism in social systems. Am. J. Primatol. 75:361‐375, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
12.
Seasonal time constraints can pose strong selection on life histories. Time-constrained animals should prioritise fast development over predation risk to avoid unfavourable growing conditions. However, changes in phenology could alter the balance between anti-predator and developmental needs. We studied variation of anti-predator strategies in common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles in four populations from the two extremes of a latitudinal gradient across Sweden. We examined, under common conditions in the laboratory, the anti-predator responses and life histories of tadpoles raised with predatory Aeshna dragonfly larvae in two consecutive years with a difference of 20 days in breeding time in the north, but no difference in breeding time in the nouth. In a year with late breeding, northern tadpoles did not modify their behaviour and morphology in the presence of predators, and metamorphosed faster and smaller than tadpoles born in a year with early breeding. In the year with early breeding, northern tadpoles showed a completely different anti-predator strategy by reducing activity and developing morphological defences in the presence of predators. We discuss the possible mechanisms that could activate these responses (likely a form of environmentally-mediated parental effect). To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that a vertebrate modifies the anti-predator strategy of its offspring in response to natural variation in reproductive phenology, which highlights the need to consider phenology in studies of life-history evolution. 相似文献
13.
VIVIANE LANQUAR ASTRID AGORIO JÉRÔME GIRAUDAT THOMAS ROACH ANJA KRIEGER‐LISZKAY SÉBASTIEN THOMINE 《Plant, cell & environment》2013,36(4):804-817
Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants causing growth reduction and chlorosis. It binds thiols and competes with essential transition metals. It affects major biochemical processes such as photosynthesis and the redox balance, but the connection between cadmium effects at the biochemical level and its deleterious effect on growth has seldom been established. In this study, two Cd hypersensitive mutants, cad1‐3 impaired in phytochelatin synthase (PCS1), and nramp3nramp4 impaired in release of vacuolar metal stores, have been compared. The analysis combines genetics with measurements of photosynthetic and antioxidant functions. Loss of AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 function or of PCS1 function leads to comparable Cd sensitivity. Root Cd hypersensitivities conferred by cad1‐3 and nramp3nramp4 are cumulative. The two mutants contrast in their tolerance to oxidative stress. In nramp3nramp4, the photosynthetic apparatus is severely affected by Cd, whereas it is much less affected in cad1‐3. In agreement with chloroplast being a prime target for Cd toxicity in nramp3nramp4, the Cd hypersensitivity of this mutant is alleviated in the dark. The Cd hypersensitivity of nramp3nramp4 mutant highlights the critical role of vacuolar metal stores to supply essential metals to plastids and maintain photosynthetic function under Cd and oxidative stresses. 相似文献
14.
G Cuce S Cetinkaya N Isitez S Kuccukturk ME Sozen S Kalkan 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2016,91(2):122-127
Methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) is an alkylating agent that may react with DNA and damage it. We investigated histological changes and apoptosis caused by MMS and the effects of curcumin on MMS treated mouse kidneys. Twenty-four mice were divided into four equal groups: controls injected with saline, a group injected with 40 mg/kg MMS, a group injected with 40 mg/kg MMS and given 100 mg/kg curcumin by gavage, and a group given 100 mg/kg curcumin by gavage. MMS caused congestion and vacuole formation, and elevated the apoptotic index significantly, but had no other effect on kidney tissue. Curcumin improved the congestion and vacuole formation caused by MMS and decreased the apoptotic index. Curcumin administered with MMS appears to decrease the deleterious effects of MMS on the kidney. 相似文献
15.
16.
Anssi Laurila 《Freshwater Biology》2000,43(2):161-174
- 1 I examined the competitive ability of larval common frogs (Rana temporaria) and common toads (Bufo bufo) in a laboratory experiment by manipulating the number and size of Rana and the number of Bufo.
- 2 Bufo was the most active tadpole type, whereas small Rana was more active than large Rana.
- 3 Especially at high food availability, the growth rate of large Rana at metamorphosis was reduced in the presence of small Rana, whereas that of small Rana was not affected by larger conspecifics.
- 4 Both size classes of Rana were negatively affected by the presence of Bufo. Size at metamorphosis of Bufo was greater when large Rana was present. These results suggest that activity level is important in determining competitive ability.
- 5 To study competition in the field, tadpoles of Bufo were introduced to small rock‐pools that did not support Bufo naturally, but were with or without Rana.
- 6 In the experimental pools, there were no interspecific effects on the growth rate of either species. However, the growth rate of Bufo was lower in the experimental pools than in pools inhabited naturally. Futher, survival of Bufo was low in small pools. Lower food availability or physical factors associated with small pools, rather than interspecific competition, may be the reason why Bufo avoids breeding in small rock‐pools.
17.
Rod and cone photoreceptors project from the outer retinal surface into a
carbohydrate-rich interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM). Unique IPM
glycoconjugates are distributed around rods and cones. Wheat germ
agglutinin (WGA) strongly decorates the rod matrix domains and weakly
decorates the cone matrix domains. This study characterizes the major
WGA-binding glycoprotein in the human IPM, which we refer to as SPACR
(sialoprotein associated with cones and rods). SPACR, which has a molecular
weight of 147 kDa, was isolated and purified from the IPM by lectin
affinity chromatography. A polyclonal antibody to SPACR was prepared that
colocalizes in tissue preparations with WGA-binding domains in the IPM.
Sequential digestion of SPACR with N- and O- glycosidases results in a
systematic increase in electrophorectic mobility, indicating the presence
of both N- and O-linked glycoconjugates. Complete deglycosylation results
in a reduction in the relative molecular mass of SPACR by about 30%.
Analysis of lectin binding allowed us to identify some of the structural
characteristics of SPACR glycoconjugates. Treatment with neuraminidase
exposes Galbeta1- 3GalNAc disaccharide as indicated by positive peanut
agglutinin (PNA) staining, accompanied by the loss of WGA staining. Maackia
amurensis agglutinins (MAA-1 and MAA-2), specific for sialic acid in
alpha2-3 linkage to Gal, bind SPACR, while Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA),
specific for alpha2-6 linked sialic acid, does not, indicating that the
dominant glycoconjugate determinant on SPACR is the O-linked carbohydrate,
NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-3GalNAc. The abundance of sialic acid in SPACR
suggests that this glycoprotein may contribute substantially to the
polyanionic nature of the IPM. The carbohydrate chains present on SPACR
could also provide sites for extensive crosslinking and participate in the
formation of the ordered IPM lattice that surrounds the elongate
photoreceptors projecting from the outer retinal surface.
相似文献
18.
In animals with complex life cycles, the environment experienced early during the development may have strong effects on later performance and fitness. We investigated the intraspecific variation in the effects of larval temperature environment on the morphology and locomotory performance of juvenile pool frogs Rana lessonae originating from three closely located populations of the northern fringe metapopulation in central Sweden. Tadpoles were raised individually at two temperatures (20 and 25 °C) until metamorphosis. We measured the morphology of the metamorphs and tested the jumping performance of the froglets after complete tail absorption. We found that early temperature environment affected juvenile morphology, metamorphs from high-temperature environments having relatively longer hindlimbs (tibiofibulas) and longer tails when weight at metamorphosis was accounted for. In absolute terms, froglets from low temperature jumped significantly longer; however, after correcting for size differences the relationship was reversed, individuals raised at high temperature performing better. In both temperatures, relative jumping performance was positively associated with tibiofibula and body length. Populations differed both in metamorphic traits and in jumping capacity, especially at low temperature, suggesting microgeographical variation in temperature sensitivity within the metapopulation. Our results indicate that the temperature environment experienced during the early aquatic stages can influence the morphology and performance of juvenile frogs, and that these effects can be population specific. 相似文献
19.
20.
Species with a wide distribution over latitudinal gradients often exhibit increasing growth and development rates towards
higher latitudes. Ecological theory predicts that these fast-growing genotypes are, in the absence of trade-offs with fast
growth, better competitors than low-latitude conspecifics. While knowledge on key ecological traits along latitudinal clines
is important for understanding how these clines are maintained, the relative competitive ability of high latitude individuals
against low latitude conspecifics has not been tested. Growth and development rates of the common frog Rana temporaria increase along the latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia. Here we investigated larval competition over food resources within
and between two R. temporaria populations originating from southern and northern Sweden in an outdoor common garden experiment. We used a factorial design,
where southern and northern tadpoles were reared either as single populations or as mixes of the two populations at two densities
and predator treatments (absence and non-lethal presence of Aeshna dragonfly larvae). Tadpoles from the high latitude population grew and developed faster and in the beginning of the experiment
they hid less and were more active than tadpoles from the low latitude population. When raised together with high latitude
tadpoles the southern tadpoles had a longer larval period, however, the response of high latitude tadpoles to the competition
by low latitude tadpoles did not differ from their response to intra-population competition. This result was not significantly
affected by density or predator treatments. Our results support the hypothesis that high latitude populations are better competitors
than their low latitude conspecifics, and suggest that in R. temporaria fast growth and development trade off with other fitness components along the latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia. 相似文献