全文获取类型
收费全文 | 313篇 |
免费 | 68篇 |
专业分类
381篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 7篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 9篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 8篇 |
2015年 | 12篇 |
2014年 | 17篇 |
2013年 | 22篇 |
2012年 | 21篇 |
2011年 | 21篇 |
2010年 | 17篇 |
2009年 | 14篇 |
2008年 | 11篇 |
2007年 | 9篇 |
2006年 | 9篇 |
2005年 | 19篇 |
2004年 | 11篇 |
2003年 | 15篇 |
2002年 | 7篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 14篇 |
1998年 | 8篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
1950年 | 1篇 |
1945年 | 1篇 |
1938年 | 1篇 |
1935年 | 1篇 |
1933年 | 1篇 |
1915年 | 1篇 |
1913年 | 1篇 |
1912年 | 1篇 |
1911年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有381条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
311.
The effect of relaxed functional constraints on the photosynthetic gene rbcL in photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The photosynthetic gene rbcL has been lost or dramatically altered in some
lineages of nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants, but the dynamics of these
events following loss of photosynthesis and whether rbcL has sustained
functionally significant changes in photosynthetic parasitic plants are
unknown. To assess the changes to rbcL associated with the loss of
functional constraints for photosynthesis, nucleotide sequences from
nonparasitic and parasitic plants of Scrophulariales were used for
phylogeny reconstruction and character analysis. Plants in this group
display a broad range of parasitic abilities, from photosynthetic
("hemiparasites") to nonphotosynthetic ("holoparasites"). With the
exception of Conopholis (Orobanchaceae), the rbcL locus is present in all
parasitic plants of Scrophulariales examined. Several holoparasitic genera
included in this study, including Boschniakia, Epifagus, Orobanche, and
Hyobanche, have rbcL pseudogenes. However, the holoparasites Alectra
orobanchoides, Harveya capensis, Harveya purpurea, Lathraea clandestina,
Orobanche corymbosa, O. fasciculata, and Striga gesnerioides have intact
open reading frames (ORFs) for the rbcL gene. Phylogenetic hypotheses based
on rbcL are largely in agreement with those based on sequences of the
nonphotosynthetic genes rps2 and matK and show a single origin of
parasitism, and loss of photosynthesis and pseudogene formation have been
independently derived several times in Scrophulariales. The mutations in
rbcL in nonparasitic and hemiparasitic plants would result in largely
conservative amino acid substitutions, supporting the hypothesis that
functional proteins can experience only a limited range of changes, even in
minimally photosynthetic plants. In contrast, ORFs in some holoparasites
had many previously unobserved missense substitutions at functionally
important amino acid residues, suggesting that rbcL genes in these plants
have evolved under relaxed or altered functional constraints.
相似文献
312.
Systems biology seeks not only to discover the machinery of life but to understand how such machinery is used for control, i.e., for regulation that achieves or maintains a desired, useful end. This sort of goal-directed, engineering-centered approach also has deep historical roots in developmental biology. Not surprisingly, developmental biology is currently enjoying an influx of ideas and methods from systems biology. This Review highlights current efforts to elucidate design principles underlying the engineering objectives of robustness, precision, and scaling as they relate to the developmental control of growth and pattern formation. Examples from vertebrate and invertebrate development are used to illustrate general lessons, including the value of integral feedback in achieving set-point control; the usefulness of self-organizing behavior; the importance of recognizing and appropriately handling noise; and the absence of "free lunch." By illuminating such principles, systems biology is helping to create a functional framework within which to make sense of the mechanistic complexity of organismal development. 相似文献
313.
Rapid developments in genetic testing have given rise to fundamental ethical, legal, and social questions that need to be dealt with in society. Results of genetic tests may be of interest to third parties such as private insurance companies, leading to fears of genetic discrimination. In Germany, the Government adopted the Genetic Diagnosis Act (Gendiagnostikgesetz, GenDG) in 2009 to protect people from, inter alia, genetic discrimination in obtaining life or health insurance. Given the sensitivity of the topic, this legislation was continually revised between 2001 and 2009. In this article, we reconstruct the process of formulating the GenDG with regard to genetics and insurance. The article begins with the parliamentary Enquete Commission in 2000 to develop a strategy and recommendations for the governance of genetic diagnostics, and analyzes how these recommendations were applied during the legislative process. We demonstrate that the legislative process of GenDG was largely determined by conventional methods of governance, rather than Streitkultur called for by the Enquete Commission in 2002. We conclude that though Streitkultur was defined as a mechanism to develop a robust approach to the governance of genetic diagnostics, it failed to influence a crucial element in genetic testing and insurance; namely, to fully protect insurees from genetic discrimination. 相似文献
314.
Tang J Lander GC Olia AS Olia A Li R Casjens S Prevelige P Cingolani G Baker TS Johnson JE 《Structure (London, England : 1993)》2011,19(4):496-502
The encapsidated genome in all double-strand DNA bacteriophages is packaged to liquid crystalline density through a unique vertex in the procapsid assembly intermediate, which has a portal protein dodecamer in place of five coat protein subunits. The portal orchestrates DNA packaging and exit, through a series of varying interactions with the scaffolding, terminase, and closure proteins. Here, we report an asymmetric cryoEM reconstruction of the entire P22 virion at 7.8 ? resolution. X-ray crystal structure models of the full-length portal and of the portal lacking 123 residues at the C terminus in complex with gene product 4 (Δ123portal-gp4) obtained by Olia et?al. (2011) were fitted into this reconstruction. The interpreted density map revealed that the 150 ?, coiled-coil, barrel portion of the portal entraps the last DNA to be packaged and suggests a mechanism for head-full DNA signaling and transient stabilization of the genome during addition of closure proteins. 相似文献
315.
316.
317.
Lander Willem Sean Stijven Engelbert Tijskens Philippe Beutels Niel Hens Jan Broeckhove 《BMC bioinformatics》2015,16(1)
Background
Infectious disease modeling and computational power have evolved such that large-scale agent-based models (ABMs) have become feasible. However, the increasing hardware complexity requires adapted software designs to achieve the full potential of current high-performance workstations.Results
We have found large performance differences with a discrete-time ABM for close-contact disease transmission due to data locality. Sorting the population according to the social contact clusters reduced simulation time by a factor of two. Data locality and model performance can also be improved by storing person attributes separately instead of using person objects. Next, decreasing the number of operations by sorting people by health status before processing disease transmission has also a large impact on model performance. Depending of the clinical attack rate, target population and computer hardware, the introduction of the sort phase decreased the run time from 26 % up to more than 70 %. We have investigated the application of parallel programming techniques and found that the speedup is significant but it drops quickly with the number of cores. We observed that the effect of scheduling and workload chunk size is model specific and can make a large difference.Conclusions
Investment in performance optimization of ABM simulator code can lead to significant run time reductions. The key steps are straightforward: the data structure for the population and sorting people on health status before effecting disease propagation. We believe these conclusions to be valid for a wide range of infectious disease ABMs. We recommend that future studies evaluate the impact of data management, algorithmic procedures and parallelization on model performance.Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0612-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献318.
319.
320.
Robays LJ Maes T Lebecque S Lira SA Kuziel WA Brusselle GG Joos GF Vermaelen KV 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2007,178(8):5305-5311
Increased numbers of pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) are recruited to the lungs during allergic airway inflammation and contribute to the maintenance of the inflammatory immune response. The chemokine receptors that directly control DC accumulation into the lungs are largely unknown. To explore this issue, we generated mixed bone marrow chimeric mice containing both wild-type and knockout cells for a given chemokine receptor. After induction of allergic airway inflammation, we specifically tracked and compared chemokine receptor knockout vs wild-type DC populations through various lung compartments. Using this approach, we show that CCR2, but not CCR5 or CCR6, directly controls the accumulation of DCs into allergic lungs. Furthermore, the size of inflammatory monocyte populations in peripheral blood was strikingly CCR2 dependent, suggesting that CCR2 primarily mediates the release of monocytic DC precursors into the bloodstream. 相似文献