Pharmacokinetic,metabolic stability,plasma protein binding and CYP450s inhibition/induction assessment studies of N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-hydroxiymethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-4-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-benzylamino)-5-pyrimidine-carboxamide as potential type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors

N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-hydroxiymethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-4-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-benzylamino)-5-pyrimidine-carboxamide (NHPPC) is a new potential of type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitors, synthesized from the avanafil analogue for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The targets of this article were to assess plasma protein binding, liver microsomal metabolic stability, inhibition and induction on cytochrome P450 isozymes and the pharmacokinetics of NHPPC. Equilibrium dialysis technique was applied to determine Plasma protein binding (PPB) and NHPPC was evaluated in male Sprague–Dawley rats and Beagle dogs in vivo pharmacokinetic. The NHPPC was highly bound to plasma proteins in rats, dogs and human tested and the mean values for PPB rate were 96.2%, 99.6% and 99.4%, respectively. After in vitro liver microsomes incubated for 60?min, the percent remaining of NHPPC was 42.8%, 0.8% and 42.0% in rats, dogs and human, respectively. In vitro intrinsic clearance was found to be 0.0233, 0.1204 and 0.0214 mL/min/mg protein in rat, dog and human liver microsomes of NHPPC, respectively. NHPPC showed no significant inhibitory effects on major CYP450 enzymes, and had no significant induction potential on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Following oral administration in rats and dogs, t_max was 6 and 0.5?h, respectively. The clearance for NHPPC was 1.19 and 1.46?L/h/kg in rats and dogs, respectively. And absolute bioavailability in rat and dog were approximately 34.5% and 53.1%, respectively. These results showed that NHPPC has a good development prospect.     

Regulation of progesterone during follicular development by FSH and LH in sheep

Progesterone (P4) can participate in the development of female mammalian antral follicles through nuclear receptor (PGR). In this experiment, the differences of P4 synthesis and PGR expression in different developmental stages of sheep antral follicles (large > 5mm, medium 2-5mm, small < 2mm) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Secondly, sheep follicular granulosa cells were cultured in vitro. The effects of different concentrations of FSH and LH on P4 synthesis and PGR expression were studied. The results showed that acute steroid regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side chain lyase (P450scc) and 3β Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and PGR were expressed in antral follicles, and with the development of antral follicles in sheep, StAR, P450scc and the expression of 3β-HSD and PGR increased significantly. In vitro experiments showed that FSH and LH alone or together treatment could regulate P4 secretion and PGR expression in sheep follicular granulosa cells to varying degrees, hint P4 and PGR by FSH and LH, and LH was the main factor. Our results supplement the effects of FSH and LH on the regulation of P4 synthesis during follicular development, which provides new data for further study of steroid synthesis and function in follicular development.     

Association between APOC1 Polymorphism and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis

Background

Previous association studies examining the relationship between the APOC1 polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have shown conflicting results, and it is not clear if an APOC1 variant acts as a genetic risk factor in AD etiology across multiple populations.

Methods

To confirm the risk association between APOC1 and AD, we designed a case-control study and also performed a meta-analysis of previously published studies.

Results

Seventy-nine patients with AD and one hundred fifty-six unrelated controls were included in case-control study. No association was found between the variation of APOC1 and AD in stage 1 of our study. However, our meta-analysis pooled a total of 2092 AD patients and 2685 controls. The APOC1 rs11568822 polymorphism was associated with increased AD risk in Caucasians, Asians and Caribbean Hispanics, but not in African Americans. APOE ε4 carriers harboring the APOC1 insertion allele, were more prevalent in AD patients than controls (χ² = 119.46, OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 2.31–3.36, P<0.01).

Conclusions

The APOC1 insertion allele, in combination with APOE ε4, likely serves as a potential risk factor for developing AD.     

Countrywide Survey for MERS-Coronavirus Antibodies in Dromedaries and Humans in Pakistan

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory disease in humans. Although dromedary camels are considered as a major reservoir host, the MERS-CoV infection dynamics in camels are not fully understood. Through surveillance in Pakistan, nasal (n = 776) and serum (n = 1050)samples were collected from camels between November 2015 and February 2018. Samples were collected from animal markets, free-roaming herds and abattoirs. An in-house ELISA was developed to detect IgG against MERS-CoV. A total of 794 camels were found seropositive for MERS-CoV. Prevalence increased with the age and the highest seroprevalence was recorded in camels aged [ 10 years (81.37%) followed by those aged 3.1–10 years (78.65%) and B 3 years (58.19%).Higher prevalence was observed in female (78.13%) as compared to male (70.70%). Of the camel nasal swabs, 22 were found to be positive by RT-qPCR though with high Ct values. Moreover, 2,409 human serum samples were also collected from four provinces of Pakistan during 2016–2017. Among the sampled population, 840 humans were camel herders.Although we found a high rate of MERS-CoV antibody positive dromedaries (75.62%) in Pakistan, no neutralizing antibodies were detected in humans with and without contact to camels.     

Transforming growth factor-β1 suppresses hepatitis B virus replication by the reduction of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α expression

Several studies have demonstrated that cytokine-mediated noncytopathic suppression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication may provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. In our previous study, we showed that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) could effectively suppress HBV replication at physiological concentrations. Here, we provide more evidence that TGF-β1 specifically diminishes HBV core promoter activity, which subsequently results in a reduction in the level of viral pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), core protein (HBc), nucleocapsid, and consequently suppresses HBV replication. The hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF-4α) binding element(s) within the HBV core promoter region was characterized to be responsive for the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 on HBV regulation. Furthermore, we found that TGF-β1 treatment significantly repressed HNF-4α expression at both mRNA and protein levels. We demonstrated that RNAi-mediated depletion of HNF-4α was sufficient to reduce HBc synthesis as TGF-β1 did. Prevention of HNF-4α degradation by treating with proteasome inhibitor MG132 also prevented the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1. Finally, we confirmed that HBV replication could be rescued by ectopic expression of HNF-4α in TGF-β1-treated cells. Our data clarify the mechanism by which TGF-β1 suppresses HBV replication, primarily through modulating the expression of HNF-4α gene.     

A Streptococcus iniae DNA vaccine delivered by a live attenuated Edwardsiella tarda via natural infection induces cross‐genus protection

Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae are important fish pathogens. We have reported previously a live E. tarda vaccine based on the attenuated strain TX5RM and a S. iniae DNA vaccine based on the antigen Sia10. In this study, we examined the possibility of constructing a cross‐genus vaccine by taking advantage of the residual infectivity of TX5RM and using it as a carrier host for the natural delivery of a S. iniae DNA vaccine. For this purpose, the recombinant TX5RM, TX5RMS10, was created, which harbours and retains stably the DNA vaccine plasmid pCS10 that expresses Sia10. When flounder were vaccinated with TX5RMS10 via oral and immersion routes, TX5RMS10 was detected in multiple tissues within 12–14 days postvaccination (p.v.). At 7 and 14 days p.v., expression of the DNA vaccine was detected in spleen, kidney and liver. Following E. tarda and S. iniae challenge at one and 2 months p.v., the vaccinated fish exhibited relative per cent survival rates of 69–83%. Immunological analysis indicated that TX5RMS10‐vaccinated fish produced specific serum antibodies and exhibited enhanced expression of a wide range of immune genes.     

Identification of spatial genetic boundaries using a multifractal model in human population genetics

There are two purposes in displaying spatial genetic structure. One is that a visual representation of the variation of the genetic variable should be provided in the contour map. The other is that spatial genetic structure should be reflected by the patterns or the gradients with genetic boundaries in the map. Nevertheless, most conventional interpolation methods, such as Cavalli-Sforza's method in genography, inverse distance-weighted methods, and the Kriging technique, focus only on the first primary purpose because of their arbitrary thresholds marked on the maps. In this paper we present an application of the contour area multifractal model (CAMM) to human population genetics. The method enables the analysis of the geographic distribution of a genetic marker and provides an insight into the spatial and geometric properties of obtained patterns. Furthermore, the CAMM may overcome some of the limitations of other interpolation techniques because no arbitrary thresholds are necessary in the computation of genetic boundaries. The CAMM is built by establishing power law relationships between the area A (> or =rho) in the contour map and the value p itself after plotting these values on a log-log graph. A series of straight-line segments can be fitted to the points on the log-log graph, each representing a power law relationship between the area A (> or =rho) and the cutoff genetic variable value for rho in a particular range. These straight-line segments can yield a group of cutoff values, which can be identified as the genetic boundaries that can classify the map of genetic variable into discrete genetic zones. These genetic zones usually correspond to spatial genetic structure on the landscape. To provide a better understanding of the interest in the CAMM approach, we analyze the spatial genetic structures of three loci (ABO, HLA-A, and TPOX) in China using the CAMM. Each synthetic principal component (SPC) contour map of the three loci is created by using both Han and minority groups data together. These contour maps all present an obvious geographic diversity, which gradually increases from north to south, and show that the genetic differences among populations in different districts of the same nationality are greater than those among different nationalities of the same district. It is surprising to find that both the value of p and the fractal dimension alpha have a clear north to south gradient for each locus, and the same clear boundary between southern and northern Asians in each contour map is still seen in the zone of the Yangtze River, although substantial population migrations have occurred because of war or famine in the last 2,000 or 3,000 years. A clear genetic boundary between Europeans and Asians in each contour map is still seen in northwestern China with a small value of alpha, although the genetic gradient caused by gene flow between Europeans and Asians has tended to show expansion from northwestern China. From the three contour maps another interesting result can be found: The values of alpha north of the Yangtze River are generally less than those south of the Yangtze River. This indicates that the genetic differences among the populations north of the Yangtze River are generally smaller than those in populations south of the Yangtze River.     

Inhibitors of the Yersinia protein tyrosine phosphatase through high throughput and virtual screening approaches

The bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase YopH is an essential virulence determinant in Yersinia pestis and a potential antibacterial drug target. Here we report our studies of screening for small molecule inhibitors of YopH using both high throughput and in silico approaches. The identified inhibitors represent a diversity of chemotypes and novel pTyr mimetics, providing a starting point for further development and fragment-based design of multi-site binding inhibitors. We demonstrate that the applications of high throughput and virtual screening, when guided by structural binding mode analysis, is an effective approach for identifying potent and selective inhibitors of YopH and other protein phosphatases for rational drug design.     

Expression Profiling and Validation of Potential Reference Genes During <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> Embryogenesis

Differential expression of genes is crucial to embryogenesis. The analysis of gene expression requires appropriate references that should be minimally regulated during the embryonic development. To select the most stable genes for gene normalization, the expression profiles of eight commonly used reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, rpL17, α-Tub, EF1-α, UbcE, B2M, and 18S rRNA) were examined during Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) embryonic development using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. It was found that all seven mRNA genes appeared to be developmentally regulated and exhibited significant variation of expression. However, further analyses revealed the stage-specific expression stability. Hence when normalization using these mRNA genes, the differential and stage-related expression should be considered. 18S rRNA gene, on the other hand, showed the most stable expression and could be recommended as a suitable reference gene during all embryonic developmental stages in P. olivaceus. In summary, our results provided not only the appropriate reference gene for embryonic development research in P. olivaceus, but also possible guidance to reference gene selection for embryonic gene expression analyses in other fish species.