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N. DELPIERRE †‡ K. SOUDANI †‡ C. FRANÇOIS †‡ B. KÖSTNER§ J.-Y. PONTAILLER †‡ E. NIKINMAA¶ L. MISSON M. AUBINET C. BERNHOFER§ A. GRANIER†† T. GRÜNWALD§ B. HEINESCH B. LONGDOZ†† J.-M. OURCIVAL S. RAMBAL T. VESALA¶ E. DUFRÊNE †‡ 《Global Change Biology》2009,15(6):1455-1474
Temperate and boreal forests undergo drastic functional changes in the springtime, shifting within a few weeks from net carbon (C) sources to net C sinks. Most of these changes are mediated by temperature. The autumn 2006–winter 2007 record warm period was followed by an exceptionally warm spring in Europe, making spring 2007 a good candidate for advances in the onset of the photosynthetically active period. An analysis of a decade of eddy covariance data from six European forests stands, which encompass a wide range of functional types (broadleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, needleleaf evergreen) and a wide latitudinal band (from 44° to 62°N), revealed exceptional fluxes during spring 2007. Gross primary productivity (GPP) of spring 2007 was the maximum recorded in the decade examined for all sites but a Mediterranean evergreen forest (with a +40 to +130 gC m?2 anomaly compared with the decadal mean over the January–May period). Total ecosystem respiration (TER) was also promoted during spring 2007, though less anomalous than GPP (with a +17 to +93 gC m?2 anomaly over 5 months), leading to higher net uptake than the long‐term mean at all sites (+12 to +79 gC m?2 anomaly over 5 months). A correlative analysis relating springtime C fluxes to simple phenological indices suggested spring C uptake and temperatures to be related. The CASTANEA process‐based model was used to disentangle the seasonality of climatic drivers (incoming radiation, air and soil temperatures) and biological drivers (canopy dynamics, thermal acclimation of photosynthesis to low temperatures) on spring C fluxes along the latitudinal gradient. A sensitivity analysis of model simulations evidenced the roles of (i) an exceptional early budburst combined with elevated air temperature in deciduous sites, and (ii) an early relief of winter thermal acclimation in coniferous sites for the promotion of 2007 spring assimilation. 相似文献
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INTRODUCTION It has been over twenty years since the onset of the AIDS epidemic, and in spite of the tremendous progress made towards the understanding of the disease, the virus that causes the disease and the development of highly ef- fective anti-retrov… 相似文献
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Elevated CO2 decreases seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
CHRISTOPHE ANDALO BERNARD GODELLE † MADELEINE LEFRANC MARIANNE MOUSSEAU IRÉNE TILL-BOTTRAUD 《Global Change Biology》1996,2(2):129-135
The impact of elevated [CO2] on seed germination was studied in different genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana from natural populations. Two generations of seeds were studied: the maternal generation was produced in the greenhouse (present-day conditions), the offspring generation was produced in two chambers where the CO2 concentration was either the present atmospheric concentration (about 350 ppm) or elevated (700 ppm). The seeds were tested for proportion of germinated seeds and mean germination time in both chambers to study the impact of elevated [CO2] during seed production and germination. Elevated [CO2] during maturation of seeds on the mother-plants decreased the proportion of germinated seeds, while elevated [CO2] during germination had no effect on the proportion of germinated seeds. However, when seeds were both produced and germinated under elevated [CO2] (situation expected by the end of next century), germination was slow and low. Moreover, the effect of the [CO2] treatment differs among genotypes of Arabidopsis: there is a strong treatment × genotype interaction. This means that there is ample genetic variance for a selective response modiying the effects of high levels of [CO2] in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana. The outcome at the community level will depend on what seeds are available, when they germinate and the resulting competition following germination. 相似文献
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Vestiges of an ancestral host plant: preference and performance in the butterfly Polygonia faunus and its sister species P. c‐album 下载免费PDF全文
SÖREN NYLIN LINA SÖDERLIND GABRIELLA GAMBERALE‐STILLE HÉLÈNE AUDUSSEAU MARIA DE LA PAZ CELORIO‐MANCERA NIKLAS JANZ FELIX A. H. SPERLING 《Ecological Entomology》2015,40(3):307-315
1. In the study of the evolution of insect–host plant interactions, important information is provided by host ranking correspondences among female preference, offspring preference, and offspring performance. Here, we contrast such patterns in two polyphagous sister species in the butterfly family Nymphalidae, the Nearctic Polygonia faunus, and the Palearctic P. c‐album. 2. These two species have similar host ranges, but according to the literature P. faunus does not use the ancestral host plant clade – the ‘urticalean rosids’. Comparisons of the species can thus test the effects of a change in insect–plant associations over a long time scale. Cage experiments confirmed that P. faunus females avoid laying eggs on Urtica dioica (the preferred host of P. c‐album), instead preferring Salix, Betula, and Ribes. 3. However, newly hatched larvae of both species readily accept and grow well on U. dioica, supporting the general theory that evolutionary changes in host range are initiated through shifts in female host preferences, whereas larvae are more conservative and also can retain the capacity to perform well on ancestral hosts over long time spans. 4. Similar rankings of host plants among female preference, offspring preference, and offspring performance were observed in P. c‐album but not in P. faunus. This is probably a result of vestiges of larval adaptations to the lost ancestral host taxon in the latter species. 5. Female and larval preferences seem to be largely free to evolve independently, and consequently larval preferences warrant more attention. 相似文献
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中国幽灵蛛属一新种(蜘蛛目:幽灵蛛科) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文记述了中国幽灵蛛科Pholcidae幽灵蛛属Pholcus蜘蛛一新种;太白幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus taibaiensis sp. nov,采自陕西省太白山自然保护区。模式标本分别保存在西安师范学院生物系和河北教育学院生物系。 相似文献
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Addition of glucose to a resting cell suspension of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae was accompanied by marked shifts of the Gα-protein subunits from the plasma membrane to the cell interior. This process was
rapid with half-times between <10 and 20 s. The decrease of the plasma membrane pool of the Giα/Goα- and Gqα/G11α-protein subunits correlated with an increase in acid-sensitive forms of these proteins which was recovered in the mitochondrial
and/or lysosomal membrane fraction. In contrast to cells from higher organisms glucose-stimulated yeast exhibits an extremely
rapid type of the redistribution (internalization). The question remains’open as to the functional significance of the internalized
forms of the G-proteins as these remain sequestered from the plasma membrane. well after glucose has been consumed. 相似文献
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N. E. Lamash 《Russian Journal of Marine Biology》2002,28(6):355-364
Development of starfish oocytes is blocked at the prophase stage of the first meiotic division. The resumption of meiotic divisions occurs under the effect of the maturation hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MeA), which binds to a specific receptor of the oocyte cell surface. New data in the literature on endocellular signal mechanisms taking part in conduction of the regulatory signal modulated by 1-MeA are adduced in the review. Data on the properties of the 1-MeA receptor are presented and mechanisms of biosynthesis of 1-MeA are considered. The main focus is on processes occurring in the oocyte during the first minutes after the impact of the hormone, before the destruction of the germinal vesicle. A hypothetical pattern of transduction of the hormonal signal is proposed. 相似文献