Different responsiveness of Indian and European Great Tit(Parus major mahrattarum; P. m. major) to acoustic stimuli

Summary The song and the anxiety churring of the Indian Great Tit(Parus major mahrattarum) were played back to the European Great Tit(P. m. major) near Budapest and the song and the anxiety churring of the European Great Tit were played back to the Indian Great Tit in the Thekkady National Park, South India. The anxiety churrings of the two subspecies were similar, their songs were conspicuously different. The European subspecies responded significantly more to the sounds of the Indian subspecies than did the Indian to the sounds of the European subspecies. This phenomenon can be explained by the higher acoustic responsiveness of the European Great Tit. The increased acoustic responsiveness together with the increased social tendency could have promoted the adaptability of the European Great Tit.

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Unterschiedliche Reaktion indischer und europäischer Kohlmeisten auf akustische Reize

Zusammenfassung Der Gesang und der Alarmruf der indischen Kohlmeise wurde europäischen Kohlmeisen in der Umgebung von Budapest vorgespielt und umgekehrt der Gesang und der Alarmruf der europäischen den indischen Kohlmeisen im Nationalpark Thekkady (Kerala). Der Alarmruf beider Unterarten ist ähnlich, der Gesang jedoch verschieden. Die europäische Unterart reagierte signifikant öfter auf den Gesang und den Alarmruf der indischen Unterart als die indische Unterart auf die Lautäußerungen der europäischen. Diese Erscheinung ist mit der größeren akustischen Reaktionsfähigkeit der europäischen Kohlmeise zu erklären. Eine ausgeprägtere akustische Sensibilität weist auf eine stärkere soziale Tendenz hin und diese führte möglicherweise zu größerer Anpassungsfähigkeit der europäischen Kohlmeise.

     

Genetic experiments with model populations: Fallacies in genetic analysis performed from samples of recombinants selected for two markers

Abstract: Samples selected for two markers (one from each parent) from the progeny of a genetic cross are altered both in the genotype and in the frequency distribution as compared to the original progeny population. The consequences of these alterations were analyzed in selected samples obtained from model progeny populations of hypothetical genetic crosses. In complete progeny populations, distribution of genotypes (pattern of genotypes), sequence of markers, and frequency distribution of individual genotypes exhibit genetically intelligent relationship to each other only under a sole condition: at the correct sequence of markers. In selected samples, the singularity of the interrelationship is relaxed. Consequences of the relaxation in the genetic analysis are multiple, the most striking of which is an insinuation of circularity for the linear gene map.     

Determination of lipid ester ozonides and core aldehydes by high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line mass spectrometry

Unsaturated triacylglycerols (TG) and choline (PC) and ethanolamine (PE) phosphatides of known structure were subjected to ozonization and reduction with triphenylphosphine to yield the corresponding lipid ester core aldehydes. Mono- and di-C₉ aldehyde palmitoylglycerols were prepared from oleoyldipalmitoyl and oleoyllinoleoylpalmitoyl glycerols, respectively, while egg yolk PC and PE provided the mono-C₅ and mono-C₉ aldehydes of palmitoyl-and stearoyl glycerophospholipids. The aldehydes were isolated in the free form and as the dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNPH) derivatives by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The intermediate ozonides, free aldehydes and hydrazones were identified by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line negative ion thermospray and normal phase HPLC with on-line positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The synthetic aldehydes were used as carriers during isolation from natural sources and as reference compounds in quantitative analyses     

AVIAN BROOD PARASITISM AND ECTOPARASITE RICHNESS–SCALE‐DEPENDENT DIVERSITY INTERACTIONS IN A THREE‐LEVEL HOST–PARASITE SYSTEM

Brood parasitic birds, their foster species and their ectoparasites form a complex coevolving system composed of three hierarchical levels. However, effects of hosts’ brood parasitic life‐style on the evolution of their louse (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) lineages have never been tested. We present two phylogenetic analyses of ectoparasite richness of brood parasitic clades. Our hypothesis was that brood parasitic life‐style affects louse richness negatively across all avian clades due to the lack of vertical transmission routes. Then, narrowing our scope to brood parasitic cuckoos, we explored macroevolutionary factors responsible for the variability of their louse richness. Our results show that taxonomic richness of lice is lower on brood parasitic clades than on their nonparasitic sister clades. However, we found a positive covariation between the richness of cuckoos’ Ischnoceran lice and the number of their foster species, possibly due to the complex and dynamic subpopulation structure of cuckoo species that utilize several host species. We documented diversity interactions across a three‐level host parasite system and we found evidence that brood parasitism has opposing effects on louse richness at two slightly differing macroevolutionary scales, namely the species richness and the genera richness.     

Morphology of pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) in ruminants: ultrastructural and cytochemical behavior of dense surface coat

Recent studies have indicated that pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) are a resident cell population which in structure and function resemble mature macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) in various domestic species, particularly the ruminants. The ultrastructural features of PIMs of the goat and calf lungs were studied by using vascular perfusion and direct airway instillation of fixatives. Staining with tannic acid as a component of paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-based fixative revealed the presence of an electron-dense coat on the surface of the cell membrane of the PIMs. The surface coat disappeared after heparin infusion and after enzymatic digestion with lipolytic lipase, suggesting that the surface coat was predominantly lipoprotein in nature. The lipoprotein coat was organized in the form of a linear chain of spherical globules with a consistent periodicity created by the intervening translucent space between individual globules. The surface coat was separated from the outer-leaflet of the cell membrane by an empty space measuring 35-39 nm in width. PIMs possessed a significant number of coated pits and coated vesicles, the cell organelles of receptor-mediated endocytosis of lipoproteins. In concurrence with the coated pits and vesicles, microtubules, multivesicular bodies, and lipoprotein-positive vesicles were also observed. It is conceivable that PIMs are involved in lipid metabolism and are the major source of vasoactive substances, which significantly influence both the dynamics of pulmonary circulation and the surfactant turnover of the ruminant lung.     

Adventures with Bacillus megaterium – fusion of bacterial protoplasts

This essay describes the author's studies with bacteria in post-war Hungary; the difficulties encountered, with funding, collaboration and publication; and how the Szeged Institute consolidated itseif as the one outstanding scientific Institute in Eastern Europe, with the author at the helm.     

Maintenance of fungal strains on cryopreservative-immersed porous ceramic beads

The applicability of a bacterial storage method (maintenance after absorption on cryopreservative-immersed ceramic beads) was tested for different fungal strains of biotechnological importance: Aspergillus, Mucor, Phaffia, Rhizomucor and Saccharomyces. Polyethylene glycol (100ml of 30% or 45% solutions) added after the transfer of cells into the vial increased the safety of storage.     

Effect of irrigation on yield parameters and antioxidant profiles of processing cherry tomato

A two-year (2010 and 2011) open field experiment was conducted to study the effect of drip irrigation and seasonal variation on the yield parameters and main bioactive components, carotenoids (mainly all trans, cis lycopene, and β-carotene), polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, naringin, etc.), and tocopherols of processing Strombolino F1 cherry tomatoes. The irrigated plants (STI) gave a higher marketable yield (61% and 101% respectively), and rain fed plants showed a yield loss. Water supply had a strong positive (R²=0.98) effect on marketable yield in 2011, but weak (R²=0.69) in 2010. In both years, the antioxidant concentration (all carotenoids, total polyphenols, tocopherols) showed a decrease with irrigation. Water supply affected the composition of carotenoids to a considerable extent. The optimum water supply treatment gave a lower proportion of lycopene than the rain fed control (STC) treatment. We observed significant negative correlation between rutin concentration and irrigation. The α-tocopherol concentration was significantly higher in STC treatments. Irrigation negatively influenced antioxidant concentrations of cherry tomato fruits, but higher yield could account for the concentration loss of individual fruits by higher antioxidant production per unit area.