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71.
Zusammenfassung Der Waldrapp verfügt als soziale Vogelart über Verhaltensweisen des Gruppen- wie Paarkontaktes, die durch Veränderung von Körperumriß und Färbung unbefiederter Hautstellen verstärkt werden können: Grüßen, Imponieren, Aggressivverhalten (auch bei Nestlingen), Beschwichtigen, soziale Körperpflege, Kopula, Nestbau-Verhalten, Paarsitzen. Für das Zusammenspiel der Kolonie wichtig sind Grüßen, verschiedene Formen des Imponierens und ritualisierte Aggressionshandlungen. Das Fortpflanzungsgeschehen synchronisieren soziale Gefiederpflege, Kopulationen (bzw. Scheinkopulae) und Nestbauhandlungen. Das Paarsitzen, besonders deutlich außerhalb der Brutperiode, zeigt vermutlich Monogamie an.Das Lautrepertoire, eintönig für das menschliche Ohr, ist individuell variabel.Eine Besonderheit der Waldrappe ist auch die Nestlings-Aggressivität. Nestgeschwister trachten, einander durch Schnabelhiebe in eine Beschwichtigungshaltung zu drängen und so am Betteln zu hindern. Das Verhalten erlischt bei Erreichen eines Gewichtes von ca. 800 g, zugleich mit dem Abflachen der Wachstumskurve. Da Waldrappe ab dem ersten Ei brüten, überleben untergewichtige Letztgeschlüpfte (Nesthäkchen) bei ausreichendem Nahrungsangebot aufgrund ihrer länger anhaltenden Aggressivität.
Social behaviour of the Bald IbisGeronticus eremita — observations at the Alpenzoo, Innsbruck
Summary As a social bird the Bald Ibis shows behaviour patterns for group contact as well as for pair contact: greeting, display, aggressive behaviour of adults and sibling competition, appeasement behaviour, social preening, nesting behaviour, and Paarsitzen (spatial bond). Some of them may be reinforced by changing body-shape and colour of unfeathered skin. Greeting, some forms of display and ritualized aggressions are important for normal intraspecific interactions. Social preening, copulations (false copulae also) and nesting behaviour do not only stimulate the partner, they also synchronize activity within a colony. Paarsitzen might indicate longer lasting monogamy. The vocal inventory is rather uniform, but some calls may vary individually. — The Bald Ibis shows a strong sibling competition. Siblings force to prevent each other to gape by violent pecking and thus releasing appeasement behaviour. Sibling competition stops with about 800 g at the end of the period of rapid body growth. As the Bald Ibis is breeding with the first egg, this behaviour may allow survival of the runt because of its longer lasting aggressivity when there is sufficient food supply.相似文献
72.
Valter Bergant Shintaro Yamada Vincent Grass Yuta Tsukamoto Teresa Lavacca Karsten Krey MariaTeresa Mühlhofer Sabine Wittmann Armin Ensser Alexandra Herrmann Anja vom Hemdt Yuriko Tomita Shutoku Matsuyama Takatsugu Hirokawa Yiqi Huang Antonio Piras Constanze A Jakwerth Madlen Oelsner Susanne Thieme Alexander Graf Stefan Krebs Helmut Blum Beate M Kümmerer Alexey Stukalov Carsten B SchmidtWeber Manabu Igarashi Thomas Gramberg Andreas Pichlmair Hiroki Kato 《The EMBO journal》2022,41(17)
The SARS‐CoV‐2 infection cycle is a multistage process that relies on functional interactions between the host and the pathogen. Here, we repurposed antiviral drugs against both viral and host enzymes to pharmaceutically block methylation of the viral RNA 2''‐O‐ribose cap needed for viral immune escape. We find that the host cap 2''‐O‐ribose methyltransferase MTr1 can compensate for loss of viral NSP16 methyltransferase in facilitating virus replication. Concomitant inhibition of MTr1 and NSP16 efficiently suppresses SARS‐CoV‐2 replication. Using in silico target‐based drug screening, we identify a bispecific MTr1/NSP16 inhibitor with anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activity in vitro and in vivo but with unfavorable side effects. We further show antiviral activity of inhibitors that target independent stages of the host SAM cycle providing the methyltransferase co‐substrate. In particular, the adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY) inhibitor DZNep is antiviral in in vitro, in ex vivo, and in a mouse infection model and synergizes with existing COVID‐19 treatments. Moreover, DZNep exhibits a strong immunomodulatory effect curbing infection‐induced hyperinflammation and reduces lung fibrosis markers ex vivo. Thus, multispecific and metabolic MTase inhibitors constitute yet unexplored treatment options against COVID‐19. 相似文献
73.
Andreas Kurtz Nancy Mah Ying Chen Antonie Fuhr Sabine Kobold Stefanie Seltmann Sabine C. Müller 《Cell proliferation》2022,55(8)
The human plutiripotent stem cell registry (hPSCreg) is a global database for human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC, hiPSC). The publicly accessible Registry (https://hpscreg.eu) was set up to provide a transparent resource of quality‐assessed hPSC lines as well as to increase reproducibility of research and interoperability of data.ObjectivesIn this review, we describe the establishment of the Registry and its mission, its development into a knowledgebase for hPSC and the current status of hPSC‐focussed databases. The data categories available in hPSCreg are detailed. In addition, sharing and hurdles to data sharing on a global level are described.ConclusionsAn outlook is provided on the establishment of digital representatives of donors using hybrids of data and hPSC‐based biological models, and how this can also be used to reposition databases as mediators between donors and researchers.hPSCreg as a data hub for pluripotent stem cells: Key utility and function. 相似文献
74.
Biochemical studies have demonstrated that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHOdehase; EC 1.3.3.1 or 1.3.99.11) is the sole enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis in mitochondria, whereas the rest of the pathway takes place in the cytosol. The dehydrogenation of dihydroorotate to orotate is linked to the respiratory chain via ubiquinone. In this study, we show for the first time the ultrastructural localization of DHOdehase. Since the purified enzyme was found to act both as dehydrogenase and as oxidase, the cerium capture technique for detecting enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide could be applied to pin-point the in situ activity of DHOdehase oxidase in mitochondria of rat heart and kidney cortex. Cerium perhydroxide as the final reaction product was detected predominantly in the matrix with some focal condensation along the inner membrane, but not in the intermembrane space. From this pattern of localization, it is concluded that the active site of the membrane-bound enzyme could face the mitochondrial matrix similar to succinate dehydrogenase. The reliability of the applied method for the demonstration of DHOdehase oxidase was demonstrated by the addition of Brequinar sodium to the incubation medium. This quinoline-carboxylic acid derivative is a potent inhibitor of DHOdehase and has proven anti-proliferative activity. The present observations do not ascertain whether the oxidase is permanently active as a constant portion of the enzyme in vivo, similar to xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase. However, DHOdehase should be considered as a source of radical oxygen species under pathophysiological conditions. 相似文献
75.
Elevated atmospheric [CO2] can dramatically increase wheat yields in semi‐arid environments and buffer against heat waves
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Glenn J. Fitzgerald Michael Tausz Garry O'Leary Mahabubur R. Mollah Sabine Tausz‐Posch Saman Seneweera Ivan Mock Markus Löw Debra L. Partington David McNeil Robert M. Norton 《Global Change Biology》2016,22(6):2269-2284
Wheat production will be impacted by increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 [CO2], which is expected to rise from about 400 μmol mol?1 in 2015 to 550 μmol mol?1 by 2050. Changes to plant physiology and crop responses from elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) are well documented for some environments, but field‐level responses in dryland Mediterranean environments with terminal drought and heat waves are scarce. The Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment facility was established to compare wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth and yield under ambient (~370 μmol?1 in 2007) and e[CO2] (550 μmol?1) in semi‐arid environments. Experiments were undertaken at two dryland sites (Horsham and Walpeup) across three years with two cultivars, two sowing times and two irrigation treatments. Mean yield stimulation due to e[CO2] was 24% at Horsham and 53% at Walpeup, with some treatment responses greater than 70%, depending on environment. Under supplemental irrigation, e[CO2] stimulated yields at Horsham by 37% compared to 13% under rainfed conditions, showing that water limited growth and yield response to e[CO2]. Heat wave effects were ameliorated under e[CO2] as shown by reductions of 31% and 54% in screenings and 10% and 12% larger kernels (Horsham and Walpeup). Greatest yield stimulations occurred in the e[CO2] late sowing and heat stressed treatments, when supplied with more water. There were no clear differences in cultivar response due to e[CO2]. Multiple regression showed that yield response to e[CO2] depended on temperatures and water availability before and after anthesis. Thus, timing of temperature and water and the crop's ability to translocate carbohydrates to the grain postanthesis were all important in determining the e[CO2] response. The large responses to e[CO2] under dryland conditions have not been previously reported and underscore the need for field level research to provide mechanistic understanding for adapting crops to a changing climate. 相似文献
76.
Vojtch Vejvoda Ondej Kaplan Karel Bezouka Petr Pompach Miroslav ulc Maria Cantarella Oldich Benada Bronislava Uhnkov Anna Ringelov Sabine Lutz-Wahl Lutz Fischer Vladimír Ken Ludmila Martínkov 《Journal of Molecular Catalysis .B, Enzymatic》2008,50(2-4):99-106
An intracellular nitrilase was purified from a Fusarium solani O1 culture, in which the enzyme (up to 3000 U L−1) was induced by 2-cyanopyridine. SDS-PAGE revealed one major band corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 40 kDa. Peptide mass fingerprinting suggested a high similarity of the protein with the putative nitrilase from Gibberella moniliformis. Electron microscopy revealed that the enzyme molecules associated into extended rods. The enzyme showed high specific activities towards benzonitrile (156 U mg−1) and 4-cyanopyridine (203 U mg−1). Other aromatic nitriles (3-chlorobenzonitrile, 3-hydroxybenzonitrile) also served as good substrates for the enzyme. The rates of hydrolysis of aliphatic nitriles (methacrylonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, valeronitrile) were 14–26% of that of benzonitrile. The nitrilase was active within pH 5–10 and at up to 50 °C with optima at pH 8.0 and 40–45 °C. Its activity was strongly inhibited by Hg2+ and Ag+ ions. More than half of the enzyme activity was preserved at up to 50% of n-hexane or n-heptane or at up to 15% of xylene or ethanol. Operational stability of the enzyme was examined by the conversion of 45 mM 4-cyanopyridine in a continuous and stirred ultrafiltration-membrane reactor. The nitrilase half-life was 277 and 10.5 h at 35 and 45 °C, respectively. 相似文献
77.
Lackner A Genta K Koppensteiner H Herbacek I Holzmann K Spiegl-Kreinecker S Berger W Grusch M 《Analytical biochemistry》2008,380(1):146-148
Baculoviruses are widely used for protein production in insect cells, and their potential for gene transfer to mammalian cells is increasingly being recognized. Here we describe a baculovirus vector with a bicistronic mammalian expression cassette and demonstrate its suitability for efficient transient and stable protein expression in human glioblastoma cells. Bicistronic baculovirus vectors are safe, cost efficient, and easy to produce; thus, they represent an excellent gene transfer system for mammalian cells. 相似文献
78.
Saussez S Nonclercq D Laurent G Wattiez R André S Kaltner H Gabius HJ Kiss R Toubeau G 《Histochemistry and cell biology》2005,123(1):29-41
The current study focused on galectins (-1, -3, -4, -7, and –8) and deliberately performed immunohistochemical fingerprinting to explore their complexity in a context of experimental renal carcinogenesis. The diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced renal tumors in male Syrian hamster kidney (SHKT) represent a unique animal model for the study of estrogen-dependent renal malignancies. Kidney sections of DES-treated hamsters (3 days to 11 months of DES exposure) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a panel of non-crossreactive antibodies raised against galectins-1, -3, -4, -7, and -8. Levels of expression were quantitatively determined by using computer-assisted microscopy on immunostained tissue sections. Except for galectin-4, all above mentioned galectins were expressed in kidney tumors. Small clusters of galectin-1-positive, most likely preneoplastic cells at the corticomedullary junction were already evident 1 week after DES administration. Galectin-1 and -3 expression was apparently associated with the first steps of the neoplastic transformation, because small tumorous buds were found to be positive after 1 month of treatment. In contrast, galectins-7 and -8 were detected in large tumors and medium-sized tumors, respectively, thereby indicating an involvement in later stages of DES-induced SHKT. Galectins-1, -3, -7, and -8 were also detected by immunofluorescence staining in the HKT-1097 cell line established from SHKT, thus illustrating the stability of galectin expression in tumor cells. Our data document the presence and differential regulation of galectins in the course of renal tumorigenesis in the model of DES-induced SHKT. 相似文献
79.
Sebastian Schuerlein Thomas Schwarz Steffan Krziminski Sabine Gätzner Anke Hoppensack Ivo Schwedhelm Matthias Schweinlin Heike Walles Jan Hansmann 《Biotechnology journal》2017,12(2)
Tissue Engineering (TE) bears potential to overcome the persistent shortage of donor organs in transplantation medicine. Additionally, TE products are applied as human test systems in pharmaceutical research to close the gap between animal testing and the administration of drugs to human subjects in clinical trials. However, generating a tissue requires complex culture conditions provided by bioreactors. Currently, the translation of TE technologies into clinical and industrial applications is limited due to a wide range of different tissue‐specific, non‐disposable bioreactor systems. To ensure a high level of standardization, a suitable cost‐effectiveness, and a safe graft production, a generic modular bioreactor platform was developed. Functional modules provide robust control of culture processes, e.g. medium transport, gas exchange, heating, or trapping of floating air bubbles. Characterization revealed improved performance of the modules in comparison to traditional cell culture equipment such as incubators, or peristaltic pumps. By combining the modules, a broad range of culture conditions can be achieved. The novel bioreactor platform allows using disposable components and facilitates tissue culture in closed fluidic systems. By sustaining native carotid arteries, engineering a blood vessel, and generating intestinal tissue models according to a previously published protocol the feasibility and performance of the bioreactor platform was demonstrated. 相似文献
80.
Recently, in two separate studies we have observed cadmium (Cd)-induction of prostatic tumors (PT) in rats. Cd (sc or im) at doses nontoxic to the testes markedly increased PT formation (2.5 μmol/kg, sc, 8 PT/29 exposed, 28%; 30 μmol/kg, im, 11/26, 42%; control 14/127, 11%). The administration of zinc (Zn; 1 mmol/kg, sc, at ?6, 0 and +18 h) to prevent testicular toxicity and tumors from Cd (30 μmol/kg, sc, 0 h) also resulted in an elevated incidence of PT (8/27, 30%). The nature of the metal-binding proteins in the prostate has not been defined, although metallothionein (MT), a low Mr Cd-binding protein that confers tolerance to Cd, is deficient in other target tissues of Cd carcinogenesis, such as the rat testes. Using a technique that extracts MT from liver, a low-Mr Cd-binding protein was extracted from both ventral (VP) and dorsal prostate (DP) and isolated by gel filtration. In contrast to the two forms of rat MT, reverse phase HPLC of VP and DP extract eluted 1 and 5 forms, respectively. The amino acid compositions of the VP and DP proteins were quite distinct from MT, with much less cys than MT and the presence of residues not found in MT (leu, tyr, phe). Thus Cd-induction of PT appears to be dependent on functional testes and, as is the case with Cd-induced testicular formation, appears to be associated with a deficiency of MT. 相似文献