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21.
Adults of the human parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni, which causes
hepatosplenic/intestinal complications in humans, synthesize
glycoconjugates containing the Lewis x (Lex) Galbeta1-->4(Fucalpha1--
>3)GlcNAcbeta1-->R, but not sialyl Lewis x (sLex), antigen. We now
report on our analyses of Lexand sLexexpression in S.haematobium and
S.japonicum, which are two other major species of human schistosomes that
cause disease, and the possible autoimmunity to these antigens in infected
individuals. Antigen expression was evaluated by both ELISA and Western
blot analyses of detergent extracts of parasites using monoclonal
antibodies. Several high molecular weight glycoproteins in both S.
haematobium and S. japonicum contain the Lexantigen, but no sialyl
Lexantigen was detected. In addition, sera from humans and rodents infected
with S.haematobium and S.japonicum contain antibodies reactive with Lex.
These results led us to investigate whether Lexantigens are expressed in
other helminths, including the parasitic trematode Fasciola hepatica , the
parasitic nematode Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm), the ruminant
nematode Haemonchus contortus , and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis
elegans . Neither Lexnor sialyl-Lexis detectable in these other helminths.
Furthermore, none of the helminths, including schistosomes, express Lea,
Leb, Ley, or the H- type 1 antigen. However, several glycoproteins from all
helminths analyzed are bound by Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin , which
binds Fucalpha1-->3GlcNAc, and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, which
binds GalNAcbeta1-->4GlcNAc (lacdiNAc or LDN). Thus, schistosomes may be
unique among helminths in expressing the Lexantigen, whereas many different
helminths may express alpha1,3-fucosylated glycans and the LDN motif.
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A high yield of nifedipine-chitosan microspheres could be obtained using an emulsification phase-separation method. A high level of entrapment of nifedipine in the microspheres was achieved. The microspheres exhibited excellent swelling properties. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that at 1.84% loading, nifedipine was dispersed molecularly. The microspheres exhibited faster release at low loadings compared to high loadings. Fitting the data to the coupled Fickian/case II equation, showed that at low loadings polymer relaxation coefficients (k2) were high. As the polymer content increased in the microspheres, the value of n (diffusional exponent characteristic of the release mechanism) approached one, which is indicative of zero order. 相似文献
27.
Herbivory by megaherbivores on woody vegetation in general is well documented; however studies focusing on the individual browsing effects of both mega- and mesoherbivore species on recruitment are scarce. We determined these effects for elephant Loxodonta africana and nyala Tragelaphus angasii in the critically endangered Sand Forest, which is restricted to east southern Africa, and is conserved mainly in small reserves with high herbivore densities. Replicated experimental treatments (400 m(2)) in a single forest patch were used to exclude elephant, or both elephant and nyala. In each treatment, all woody individuals were identified to species and number of stems, diameter and height were recorded. Results of changes after two years are presented. Individual tree and stem densities had increased in absence of nyala and elephant. Seedling recruitment (based on height and diameter) was inhibited by nyala, and by elephant and nyala in combination, thereby preventing recruitment into the sapling stage. Neither nyala or elephant significantly reduced sapling densities. Excluding both elephant and nyala in combination enhanced recruitment of woody species, as seedling densities increased, indicating that forest regeneration is impacted by both mega- and mesoherbivores. The Sand Forest tree community approached an inverse J-shaped curve, with the highest abundance in the smaller size classes. However, the larger characteristic tree species in particular, such as Newtonia hildebrandtii, were missing cohorts in the middle size classes. When setting management goals to conserve habitats of key importance, conservation management plans need to consider the total herbivore assemblage present and the resulting browsing effects on vegetation. Especially in Africa, where the broadest suite of megaherbivores still persists, and which is currently dealing with the 'elephant problem', the individual effects of different herbivore species on recruitment and dynamics of forests and woodlands are important issues which need conclusive answers. 相似文献
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Smith KA Lagendijk AK Courtney AD Chen H Paterson S Hogan BM Wicking C Bakkers J 《Development (Cambridge, England)》2011,138(19):4193-4198
The atrioventricular canal (AVC) physically separates the atrial and ventricular chambers of the heart and plays a crucial role in the development of the valves and septa. Defects in AVC development result in aberrant heart morphogenesis and are a significant cause of congenital heart malformations. We have used a forward genetic screen in zebrafish to identify novel regulators of cardiac morphogenesis. We isolated a mutant, named wickham (wkm), that was indistinguishable from siblings at the linear heart tube stage but exhibited a specific loss of cardiac looping at later developmental stages. Positional cloning revealed that the wkm locus encodes transmembrane protein 2 (Tmem2), a single-pass transmembrane protein of previously unknown function. Expression analysis demonstrated myocardial and endocardial expression of tmem2 in zebrafish and conserved expression in the endocardium of mouse embryos. Detailed phenotypic analysis of the wkm mutant identified an expansion of expression of known myocardial and endocardial AVC markers, including bmp4 and has2. By contrast, a reduction in the expression of spp1, a marker of the maturing valvular primordia, was observed, suggesting that an expansion of immature AVC is detrimental to later valve maturation. Finally, we show that immature AVC expansion in wkm mutants is rescued by depleting Bmp4, indicating that Tmem2 restricts bmp4 expression to delimit the AVC primordium during cardiac development. 相似文献
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Rajarajan K Sakshi S Taria S Prathima PT Radhakrishna A Anuragi H Ashajyothi M Bharati A Handa AK Arunachalam A 《Molecular biology reports》2022,49(10):9453-9463
Molecular Biology Reports - Pongamia is considered an important biofuel species worldwide. Drought stress in the early growth stages of Pongamia influences negatively on the germination and... 相似文献
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