辽宁地区普通级和SPF级Wistar大鼠血液生化指标检测

目的建立本省、本地区实验动物生理指标数据背景资料,为科学研究和新药安全性评价提供准确、可靠、科学的参考依据。方法普通级、SPF级Wistar大白鼠（6～8周龄）各60只,雌雄各半,腹主动脉采血,用全自动生化分析仪及配套试剂盒检测血液生化指标。结果普通级Wistar大白鼠的ALT、ALP、CHO、CK、CRE雌雄之间差异显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;SPF级Wistar大白鼠的ALB、ALT、ALP、CHO、BUN、CK、AST、GLU、TBIL雌雄之间差异显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;普通级与SPF级Wistar大白鼠的ALT、ALP、TP、BUN、TBIL、CRE、CHO、CK、AST、ALB、GLU差异显著（P〈0．01）。结论本研究的结果证明普通级与SPF级Wistar大白鼠的血液生化指标差异显著,多数生化指标雌雄之间存在显著差异,为应用提供了有价值的参数。     

Specialization of bone structure in Pachyvaranus crassispondylus Arambourg, 1952, an aquatic squamate from the Late Cretaceous of the southern Tethyan margin

The histological organization of the vertebrae of the Maastrichtian squamate Pachyvaranus crassispondylus Arambourg, 1952 , was compared to that of various extant squamates, in order to further document the causes and functional consequences of the so-called 'pachyostosis', frequently observed in Late Cretaceous squamates. The vertebrae of Pachyvaranus are composed of the same basic bone tissue types as those of extant lizards and snakes. In particular, periosteal cortices are made of a pseudolamellar (or 'parallel-fibred') tissue, with radial vascular canals, Sharpey's fibres and conspicuous cyclic growth marks that are strictly identical to that found in extant varanids. Conversely, the vertebrae of Pachyvaranus are extremely compact, whereas those of extant squamates are very cancellous and lightly built. This difference is due to the absence in Pachyvaranus of a broad internal resorption field that, in extant lizards and snakes, transforms compact cortices into loose spongy formations. This absence of inner bone resorption typically corresponds to an osteosclerotic process. In Pachyvaranus , cortical hyperplasy, or pachyostosis stricto sensu , was restricted to the walls of the neural spine. Extreme vertebral porosity is likely to be a primitive condition in squamates, because all lizards and snakes examined in this study display this feature. Therefore, the high vertebral compactness observed in Pachyvaranus would be a derived condition arising from the loss (or de-differentiation) of a morphogenetic process: the broad internal resorption of the vertebrae. Possible palaeoecological bearings of these results are discussed.     

三种杜拉属（Drawida）蚯蚓的酯酶同工酶的初步研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法，对寡毛纲杜拉属三种蚯蚓进行酯酶同工酶酶谱分析。其结果表明，同属蚯蚓具有几条相似的酶谱区带，而不同种蚯蚓又具有各自独特的酶谱带，种间酶谱区带数目、泳动率及染色强度都有明显区别。雅和杜拉蚓酶谱图和天锡杜拉蚓相似，而与管状杜拉蚓相差较远，表明同属蚯蚓在进化水平上的亲缘关系。     

Regulated expression of the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in murine and human macrophages. A critical role for nuclear liver X receptors alpha and beta

Lipid-loaded macrophage "foam cells" accumulate in the subendothelial space during the development of fatty streaks and atherosclerotic lesions. To better understand the consequences of such lipid loading, murine peritoneal macrophages were isolated and incubated with ligands for two nuclear receptors, liver X receptor (LXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RXR). Analysis of the expressed mRNAs using microarray technology led to the identification of four highly induced genes that encode apolipoproteins E, C-I, C-IV, and C-II. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the mRNA levels of these four genes were induced 2-14-fold in response to natural or synthetic ligands for LXR and/or RXR. The induction of all four mRNAs was greatly attenuated in peritoneal macrophages derived from LXRalpha/beta null mice. The two LXR response elements located within the multienhancers ME.1 and ME.2 were shown to be essential for the induction of apoC-II promoter-reporter genes by ligands for LXR and/or RXR. Finally, immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that apoC-II protein co-localizes with macrophages within murine arterial lesions. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that activated LXR induces the expression of the apoE/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in both human and murine macrophages. These results suggest an alternative mechanism by which lipids are removed from macrophage foam cells.     

研究报告：CRBGP通过抑制FAK-AKT通路和白介素-6的分泌抑制胶质瘤U251细胞的活性

目的电压门控钠通道(voltage-gated sodium channels,VGSCs)表达于胶质瘤U251细胞,并影响U251细胞的增殖、侵袭和凋亡。富含半胱氨酸的颊腺蛋白(cysteine-rich buccal gland protein,CRBGP)是一种从日本七鳃鳗颊腺中分离出来的VGSCs阻断剂。本文旨在探究CRBGP是否因具有VGSCs阻断功能从而能够抑制U251细胞的活性。方法首先采用MTT法检测了CRBGP对U251细胞增殖的作用,并分别利用莱特-吉姆萨、FITC-phalloidin和Hoechst 33258染色法观察CRBGP处理后U251细胞的形态、细胞骨架和细胞核。细胞外基质蛋白如IV型胶原蛋白、纤连蛋白和层黏连蛋白用于检测CRBGP对U251细胞黏附的影响。此外,本文采用transwell法检测CRBGP处理后U251细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,并通过Western blot方法探讨CRBGP诱导U251细胞凋亡并抑制其运动的内在机理。最后,通过酶联免疫吸附测定法检测CRBGP对U251细胞的抑炎效果。结果 CRBGP通过线粒体依赖途径诱导U251细胞凋亡,...     

中国蓼属萹蓄组植物果实形态的研究

应用解剖镜和电子扫描显微镜对中国产蓼属萹蓄组Polygonum sect.Polygonum 16种1变种及1变型植物的果实形态进行了研究。发现该组5种一年生植物的果实具有两型性,即有长、短两种果实类型。短果类型为卵形,具三棱,包于宿存花被内或与花被近等长,呈黑褐色。在解剖镜下观察到其表面具小点、无光泽,而在电子扫描显微镜下观察到其表面具有散乱分布或排列成行的瘤状颗粒;长果类型为狭卵形,具三棱,长于宿存花被,黄褐色或淡黄绿色,在解剖镜下观察到其表面平滑、有光泽,而在电子扫描显微镜下观察到其表面上部具有散乱分布的瘤状颗粒,中、下部则具不规则洼点、星花状褶皱或浅波纹状。果实具两型性的植物有萹蓄P.aviculare、乌鲁木齐萹蓄P.urumqiense、展枝萹蓄P.patulum、直立萹蓄P.avicularef.erectum和尖果萹蓄P.rigidum。果实微形态可分为两种类型：1.果实表面无瘤状颗粒或疣状突起、有光泽,此类型又可以分为2种亚类型：（1）果实表面平滑、浅波纹状,如岩萹蓄P.cognatum、松叶萹蓄P.acerosum和帚萹蓄P.argyrocoleum;（2）果实表面具浅洼点或洼点,如铁马鞭P.plebeium和针叶萹蓄P.polycnemoides。2.果实表面有瘤状颗粒或疣状突起,无或具微光泽,此类型又可分为4种亚类型：（1）果实表面具疣状突起,如圆叶萹蓄P.intramongolicum.;（2）果实表面具散乱分布的瘤状颗粒,如普通萹蓄P.humifusum和展枝萹蓄的短果;（3）果实表面具有纵行排列的瘤状颗粒,如萹蓄和乌鲁木齐萹蓄的短果;（4）果实表面上部具散乱分布的瘤状颗粒,中、下部具不规则洼点、星花状褶皱或浅波纹状,如萹蓄、展枝萹蓄、直立萹蓄和尖果萹蓄的长果。因此果实两型性和果实微形态特征对蓼属萹蓄组种、变种的鉴定具有较大的分类学价值。基于果实微形态特征以及其他形态特征,确定了新种晖春萹蓄Polygonum huichunense F.Z.Li,Y.T.Hou＆C.Y.Qu,同时恢复褐鞘萹蓄Polygonum aviculareL.var.fusco-ochreatum（Kom.）A.J.Li为原种,即Polygonum fusco-ochreatum Kom.。     

2004—2018年青海省乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征分析

目的 了解青海省2004—2018年乙型病毒性肝炎(简称乙肝)流行病学特征,为乙肝防治工作提供科学依据。方法 对青海省15年间乙肝监测数据进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 15年来青海省共报告乙肝患者201931例,年平均报告发病率239.71/10万,总体呈下降趋势。2004—2018年西宁市乙肝报告病例98218例,占48.64%;果洛藏族自治州最低,乙肝报告病例6766例,仅占3.35%。玉树藏族自治州乙肝报告发病率最高332.89/10万,海东市最低133.43/10万,不同地区乙肝报告发病率有统计学意义(χ^2=21997.32,P<0.05)。报告病例主要分布在25~55岁人群中,50~<55岁组发病率最高为454.99/10万,0~<5岁组发病率最低为23.69/10万;男、女性别比为1.57∶1。报告病例职业分布以农、牧民为主,占47.19%。结论 青海省经过多年的计划免疫的实施,乙肝防控效果明显,2009年以后乙肝报告病例呈现平稳状况。     

Intrachromosomal Amplification,Locus Deletion and Point Mutation in the Aquaglyceroporin AQP1 Gene in Antimony Resistant Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis

Background

Antimony resistance complicates the treatment of infections caused by the parasite Leishmania.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Using next generation sequencing, we sequenced the genome of four independent Leishmania guyanensis antimony-resistant (SbR) mutants and found different chromosomal alterations including aneuploidy, intrachromosomal gene amplification and gene deletion. A segment covering 30 genes on chromosome 19 was amplified intrachromosomally in three of the four mutants. The gene coding for the multidrug resistance associated protein A involved in antimony resistance was also amplified in the four mutants, most likely through chromosomal translocation. All mutants also displayed a reduced accumulation of antimony mainly due to genomic alterations at the level of the subtelomeric region of chromosome 31 harboring the gene coding for the aquaglyceroporin 1 (LgAQP1). Resistance involved the loss of LgAQP1 through subtelomeric deletions in three mutants. Interestingly, the fourth mutant harbored a single G133D point mutation in LgAQP1 whose role in resistance was functionality confirmed through drug sensitivity and antimony accumulation assays. In contrast to the Leishmania subspecies that resort to extrachromosomal amplification, the Viannia strains studied here used intrachromosomal amplification and locus deletion.

Conclusions/Significance

This is the first report of a naturally occurred point mutation in AQP1 in antimony resistant parasites.     

Pseudomonas tolaasii: extra-genomic factor mediates toxin production and efficiency

Pseudomonas tolaasii is responsible for brown blotch symptoms on Agaricus bisporus. Investigations among 15 P. tolaasii wild-type strains revealed the existence of an extra-genomic factor. Pseudomonas tolaasii CNBP2152D, a spontaneous derivative of the wild-type strain CNBP2152 which has lost the factor, exhibited a significant decline in pathogenicity. Comparison of blotch symptoms induced by toxins extracted from CNBP2152 and CNBP2152D showed that the extra-genomic factor mediates toxin production and efficiency.     

植物种群表观竞争机制及其研究进展

植物表观竞争既影响群落结构和组成,也与生态系统功能密切相关。目前,国内尚缺乏对植物表观竞争的实验研究和机制探索。对植物表观竞争概念和研究进展进行了系统梳理和阶段性总结,分析了草食动物为媒介的表观竞争主要通过食物和生境介导植物竞争过程,以及ELP-采食者关系对表观竞争的影响;植物参与的表观竞争通常与资源竞争共同作用;AM真菌为媒介的表观竞争不仅受到宿主植物菌根依赖性的影响,还与AM真菌对资源的需求和环境资源供给状况有密切关系。未来研究既要注重实验设计的合理性,也要考虑测定方法和评价参数的有效性;重视植物群落和生态系统水平上表观竞争的功能研究。这不仅能够为植物群落结构和物种共存提供机制性解释,而且能够丰富经典的植物竞争理论和多营养级相互作用的食物网理论。