冲积平原区高程因子对土壤剖面质地构型的影响--以封丘县为例

河流冲积平原区土壤剖面质地构型对土壤水肥保持、供给能力以及水盐运动产生极为重要的影响。区域土壤的六大成土因素中,地形的影响最为突出。分析土壤剖面质地构型的地形影响,对于指导农业生产具有重要的理论与现实意义。本研究应用模糊c-均值算法模型,基于土壤剖面特征质地层厚度数据,得到研究区9种土壤剖面质地构型。对比分析典型区和研究区土壤剖面质地构型的地形影响结果表明：隶属于土壤剖面质地构型砂-砂-砂的隶属度值与高程之间始终存在正相关,说明地形较高部位发育的土壤质地偏砂的规律性始终存在,而从典型区到研究区,其它土壤剖面质地构型、0-60cm土层质地类型、以及表土层、心土层和底土层质地类型受地形影响的规律性减弱。地形较低部位发育的土壤剖面质地构型相对复杂,而地形较高处,发育的土壤剖面质地构型相对简单。土壤剖面质地构型复杂的地区可能更多地受到人为因素的干扰,从而表现出受地形影响的规律性不明显。     

5种沙地灌木对地下水埋深变化的响应

研究干旱、半干旱区植物功能性状对地形地貌分异引起的地下水埋深变化的响应,对于揭示我国西北地区植物应对地下水埋深增加的维持机制和开展植被生态恢复建设具有重要意义。以海流兔河流域典型草原生境的5种建群灌木沙柳（Salix psammophila）、乌柳（Salix cheilophila）、柠条（Caragana korshinskii）、油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）和杨柴（Hedysarum laeve）为研究对象,认识其在滩地、丘间-丘顶典型分布和地势抬升条件下,沙地灌木生物量分配、根系分布及其对地下水埋深变化的生理响应特征。研究结果表明：（1）沙柳为深根系植物,生理功能的维持不仅依赖浅层土壤水,而且吸取地下水;乌柳、柠条、油蒿和杨柴为浅根系植物,主要水源是浅层土壤水。（2）在滩地共生条件下,沙柳和乌柳黎明前小枝水势（ψ_pd）、正午小枝水势（ψ_m）、气孔导度（g_s）、最大光化学量子产量（F_v/F_m）、表观量子效率（Φ）、光饱和点净光合速率（P_s）及光补偿点光量子通量密度（I_c）无显著差异;油蒿和杨柴ψ_m、g_s与F_v/F_m存在显著差异。（3）由丘间-丘顶分布引起地下水埋深不同的条件下,丘间和丘顶沙柳ψ_pd、ψ_m、P_s和I_c差异显著,乌柳ψ_pd和g_s差异显著,柠条和油蒿仅ψ_m差异显著,这几种灌木其它生理性状在丘间和丘顶无显著差异。（4）沙柳生理性状与地下水埋深的相关性分析表明,随着地下水埋深的增加,g_s和P_s呈降低趋势,Φ呈升高趋势,I_c没有明显变化。综上所述,不同根系分布的灌木,对地下水埋深变化的响应存在明显差异。研究结果可以为干旱生态系统原生植被恢复的地下水资源管理提供参考。     

Ilyocryptus thailandensis sp. nov. (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Ilyocryptidae) from North Thailand

Previously only a single species of Ilyocryptus Sars , 1862 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Ilyocryptidae) was reported from Thailand, I. spinifer Herrick , 1882. However, our examination of numerous samples from this country resulted in the discovery of four other species of Ilyocryptus. Ilyocryptus thailandensis sp. nov. is described from two adjacent water bodies in Uttaradit Province, North Thailand. It has at least two characters which distinguish it from any other species of the Ilyocryptus: (1) a row of lateral setae reaching medial anus, and continuing along preanal margin up to base of the postabdomen; (2) a large projection bearing the sensory setae, situated on the coxal region of antenna II. It appears to be a rare species, may be, endemic of the North Thailand.     

Microplankton respiratory activity and CO2 production rates in the Otranto Strait (Mediterranean Sea)

Respiratory activity and metabolic CO₂production of the microplankton in the Otranto Strait (Mediterranean Sea) were determined by monitoring the Electron Transport System activity. Ten stations were repeatedly investigated during two oceanographic surveys in February–March and August 1994. Respiratory activity and CO₂ production, estimated from the surface to the bottom, were higher in the euphotic layers (0-200 m) during summer (mean values: Winter = 0.024 μg C h⁻¹ dm⁻³; Summer = 0.042 μg C h⁻¹ dm⁻³); in the aphotic zone (deeper than 200 m), the rates were similar throughout different seasons (0.013 and 0.014 μg C h⁻¹ dm⁻³, respectively). A comparison with data collected by other authors from the euphotic layers of the Mediterranean Sea was made. Respiratory activities decreased from Western to Eastern Mediterranean Basins. The values of CO₂ production, integrated between 200 and 1000 m in the Otranto Strait (mean value 237.7 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹), were compared with other data collected from the Mediterranean Sea as well as from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The comparison showed the Otranto Strait to be a site of organic matter oxidation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

HCF-dependent nuclear import of VP16.

Transactivation by VP16 requires the formation of a multicomponent complex, the TAATGAAAT recognition factor complex (TRF.C), that contains in addition to VP16, two cellular proteins, Oct-1 and HCF. HCF binds directly to VP16 and this promotes subsequent interaction of the VP16-HCF complex with the POU DNA-binding domain of Oct-1 and selective assembly onto target sites. Here we demonstrate a novel role of HCF in the intracellular compartmentalization of VP16. We show that while VP16 does not contain a consensus nuclear localization signal (NLS) and is largely cytoplasmic, co-expression with HCF resulted in VP16 nuclear accumulation. A candidate NLS within the C-terminus of HCF was identified and insertion of this motif into green fluorescent protein (GFP) promoted nuclear accumulation. Conversely, removal of this signal from HCF (HCFDeltaNLS) resulted in its cytoplasmic accumulation. Co-expression of HCFDeltaNLS with wild-type (wt) VP16, or of wt HCF with VP16 mutants lacking HCF-binding activity failed to promote the nuclear enrichment of VP16. These results indicate that in addition to its role in stabilizing TRF.C, HCF acts as a nuclear import factor for VP16.     

地下水埋深和季节性干旱对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭生理和生长的影响

干旱区因降水稀少,地下水成为荒漠植被重要且稳定的水源。选取古尔班通古特沙漠南缘建群种植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）为研究对象,通过测量不同地下水埋深（3.45、9.08、10.47、13.27 m和15.91 m）下生长季前期和后期同化枝生理生化指标（黎明水势、正午水势、含水量、氯离子、钠离子、脯氨酸和非结构性碳水化合物）和生长与形态特征（生长速率和胡伯尔值）,旨在认识荒漠植物对地下水埋深增加和季节性干旱的响应特征和调节适应机制。结果表明：（1）梭梭应对地下水埋深变化的生理调节对策,是采取先降低后升高黎明前同化枝水势、降低新枝形成期同化枝生长速率、增大胡伯尔值和积累非结构性碳水化合物的策略;（2）梭梭应对生长季大气干旱的生理调节对策,是通过降低黎明前同化枝水势、维持较高胡伯尔值、积累钠离子和消耗淀粉抵御季节性干旱;（3）在大气干旱与地下水水文干旱交互作用下,梭梭是采取降低正午同化枝水势、维持较高的同化枝含水量和积累可溶性糖的生态策略。综上所述,梭梭在响应地下水水文干旱和季节性大气干旱的生理特征间存在差异。研究结果丰富了水文和大气干旱对梭梭生理和生长影响的认知,可以为基于地下水资源管理的干旱区荒漠植被保育提供参考。     

Restoration of ER proteostasis attenuates remote apoptotic cell death after spinal cord injury by reducing autophagosome overload

The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie the progression of remote degeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and macroautophagy, hereafter autophagy, and its contribution to the secondary damage and outcomes that are associated with remote degeneration after SCI. Using a rat model of spinal cord hemisection at the cervical level, we measured ER stress and autophagy markers in the axotomized neurons of the red nucleus (RN). In SCI animals, mRNA and protein levels of markers of ER stress, such as GRP78, CHOP, and GADD34, increased 1 day after the injury, peaking on Day 5. Notably, in SCI animals, the increase of ER stress markers correlated with a blockade in autophagic flux, as evidenced by the increase in microtubule-associated protein 2 light chain 3 (LC3-II) and p62/SQSTM1 (p62) and the decline in LAMP1 and LAMP2 levels. After injury, treatment with guanabenz protected neurons from UPR failure and increased lysosomes biogenesis, unblocking autophagic flux. These effects correlated with greater activation of TFEB and improved neuronal survival and functional recovery—effects that persisted after suspension of the treatment. Collectively, our results demonstrate that in remote secondary damage, impairments in autophagic flux are intertwined with ER stress, an association that contributes to the apoptotic cell death and functional damage that are observed after SCI.Subject terms: Cell death in the nervous system, Neurodegeneration, Molecular neuroscience