Population genetic characterisation of dominant Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1

The subtype IIaA15G2R1 at the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene locus is the most dominant Cryptosporidium parvum infecting dairy cattle and humans in industrialised nations. The reasons for its high transmissibility are not clear, and it remains to be determined whether this subtype represents a homogeneous parasite population. In this study, we sequence-characterised 26 IIaA15G2R subtype specimens and 26 non-IIaA15G2R subtype specimens from the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Spain at seven other known polymorphic loci, including CP47, CP56, DZ-HRGP, MSC6-5, MSC6-7, RPGR and ZPT. Extensive heterogeneity within IIaA15G2R1 and discordance in typing results between gp60 and other genetic markers were observed. Results of inter-locus and intra-ZPT linkage disequilibrium and recombination analyses indicated that the heterogeneity within IIaA15G2R1 and discordance in typing results among genetic loci were largely due to the occurrence of genetic recombination, mostly within the gp60 subtype IIaA15G2R1. Although there was no clear population diversion between IIaA15G2R and non-IIaA15G2R subtypes, results of STRUCTURE and F_ST analyses suggested the presence of at least two subpopulations; subpopulation 1 had an epidemic population structure and was widely distributed, whereas subpopulation 2 had a clonal population structure and consisted of geographically segregated multilocus subtypes. Genetic recombination between epidemic and geographically segregated C. parvum populations appeared to be a driving force in the emergence of a hyper-transmissible IIaA15G2R1 subtype. Genetic recombination was observed even between the zoonotic IIa subtype family and anthroponotic subtype family IIc at CP56, MSC6-7 and ZPT. Thus, the IIaA15G2R1 subtype at gp60 is likely a fitness marker for C. parvum and the wide spread of IIaA15G2R1 subtype around the world is probably independent of the sequence characteristics at other genetic loci.     

Sterols are required for cell‐fate commitment and maintenance of the stomatal lineage in Arabidopsis

Asymmetric cell division is important for regulating cell proliferation and fate determination during stomatal development in plants. Although genes that control asymmetric division and cell differentiation in stomatal development have been reported, regulators controlling the process from asymmetric division to cell differentiation remain poorly understood. Here, we report a weak allele (fk–J3158) of the Arabidopsis sterol C–14 reductase gene FACKEL (FK) that shows clusters of small cells and stomata in leaf epidermis, a common phenomenon that is often seen in mutants defective in stomatal asymmetric division. Interestingly, the physical asymmetry of these divisions appeared to be intact in fk mutants, but the cell‐fate asymmetry was greatly disturbed, suggesting that the FK pathway links these two crucial events in the process of asymmetric division. Sterol profile analysis revealed that the fk–J3158 mutation blocked downstream sterol production. Further investigation indicated that cyclopropylsterol isomerase1 (cpi1), sterol 14α–demethylase (cyp51A2) and hydra1 (hyd1) mutants, corresponding to enzymes in the same branch of the sterol biosynthetic pathway, displayed defective stomatal development phenotypes, similar to those observed for fk. Fenpropimorph, an inhibitor of the FK sterol C–14 reductase in Arabidopsis, also caused these abnormal small‐cell and stomata phenotypes in wild‐type leaves. Genetic experiments demonstrated that sterol biosynthesis is required for correct stomatal patterning, probably through an additional signaling pathway that has yet to be defined. Detailed analyses of time‐lapse cell division patterns, stomatal precursor cell division markers and DNA ploidy suggest that sterols are required to properly restrict cell proliferation, asymmetric fate specification, cell‐fate commitment and maintenance in the stomatal lineage cells. These events occur after physical asymmetric division of stomatal precursor cells.     

中国部分野生百合自交和组内及组间杂交亲和性研究

以百合属(Lilium)4个组13种野生百合为试验材料,配置80个杂交组合,分析中国野生百合自交、组内及组间杂交的亲和性.采用延迟授粉和切割柱头两种授粉方式和胚拯救技术,以克服受精前、后的障碍,提高育种效率.结果显示:百合自交亲和性存在一定差异,大花卷丹(L.leichtlinii)和兰州百合(L.davidi‘ unicdor cotton')自交不亲和;卷瓣组组内杂交在所配置的杂交组合中,仅有3个组合[垂花百合(L.c ernuum)×细叶百合(L.pumilum)、兰州百合×垂花百合以及兰州百合×大花卷丹]通过延迟授粉获得杂交胚,并通过组培获得杂交苗;卷瓣组与钟花组组间杂交亲和性较好.研究表明,对于大多数的杂交组合,延迟授粉比切割柱头对克服受精前障碍有效;而对于绝大多数的自交和杂交组合,组培能有效克服受精后障碍,并获得子一代苗.     

小鼠初级听皮质神经元的强度调谐特性与机制分析

强度是声音的基本参数之一,听神经元的强度调谐在听觉信息处理方面具有重要意义．以往研究发现γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)能抑制性输入在强度调谐的形成过程中起重要作用,但对抑制性输入与局部神经回路之间的关系并不清楚．本实验通过在体细胞外电生理记录和神经药理学方法,分析了小鼠初级听皮质神经元的强度调谐特性,结果显示：单调型神经元在声刺激强度自中等强度增高时潜伏期缩短(P < 0.05)且发放持续时间延长(P < 0.05),非单调型神经元在声刺激强度自最佳强度增高时潜伏期不变且发放持续时间缩短(P < 0.01)．注射GABA能阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline, Bic)后,39.3%的神经元强度调谐类型不变,42.9%的神经元非单调性减弱,17.9%的神经元非单调性增强．表明GABA能抑制并非是形成非单调性的唯一因素,兴奋性输入本身的非单调性和高阈值非GABA能抑制的激活也可能在其中发挥作用．推测由兴奋性和抑制性输入所构成的局部神经功能回路及其整合决定了听皮质神经元的强度调谐特性．     

格尔德霉素抑制高致病性禽流感病毒增殖及其所介导炎性反应研究

对高致病性禽流感病毒感染最为有效的治疗应采用抗病毒和抗炎症的联合治疗．本试验用流感病毒H5N1感染不同细胞株(A549细胞和MDCK细胞),采用不同浓度格尔德霉素对病毒感染细胞培养物作用不同时长,检测流感病毒滴度;ELISA检测格尔德霉素作用于流感病毒H5N1感染A549细胞12 h、24 h促炎性细胞因子IFN-α、TNF-α和IL-6水平．结果显示,流感病毒H5N1感染A549细胞和MDCK细胞,格尔德霉素极显著地抑制了流感病毒H5N1在细胞培养物的增殖(P < 0.01),而在病毒感染36 h和48 h,格尔德霉素并没有显著抑制流感病毒在MDCK细胞上的增殖(P > 0.05)．促炎性细胞因子分析结果显示,格尔德霉素在流感病毒感染A549细胞12 h和24 h均显著降低了促炎性细胞因子IFN-α、TNF-α和IL-6的分泌(P < 0.05)．上述实验结果显示,格尔德霉素具有抑制流感病毒H5N1增殖及其所介导的炎性反应的双重效应,为格尔德霉素成为应对流感病毒流行的备选药物提供基础科学依据．     

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤水分对降雨的响应

以科尔沁沙地主要固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,在其生长季次降雨21.5 mm后180 h内,利用TDR和微渗仪测量小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下不同部位的土壤含水量和土壤蒸发,并计算该灌丛下不同部位储水量和水量平衡.结果表明:降雨结束后初期,灌丛枝干的茎流作用使其根部的土壤含水量明显高于其他部位;灌丛根部水分的入渗速率大于灌丛中部和灌丛外缘.因冠幅的庇荫作用,灌丛下蒸发量小于灌丛外裸露沙地.水量平衡表明:小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下降雨后前期蒸散量明显高于灌丛外裸露沙地,与灌丛下根系的分布有直接关系.     

金川多肋骨牦牛体外触摸鉴别法的解剖学验证及应用

目的通过屠宰和解剖学试验,验证金川多肋骨牦牛体外触摸鉴别方法的准确性,为科研和生产应用建立简捷实用、准确可靠的方法。方法对试验牦牛进行触摸鉴别,根据鉴定结果,依照肋骨对数将牦牛分为A、B两组(A组具15对肋骨,B组具14对肋骨),从A、B两组中随机抽取25%的个体进行屠宰和解剖实验。应用触摸鉴别法在中心产区和分布区对15对肋骨牦牛的比例进行普查。结果触摸鉴别准确率为96.15%;19头肋骨数为15对的牦牛中,胸椎为15,腰椎数为5的个体有18头,约占95%。而腰椎数为4的个体仅1头,占5.26%;26头屠宰牦牛中,真肋+弓肋+浮肋组型为8+7+0个体的比例为68.42%;8+6+1个体比例为31.58%。结论触摸鉴别法简捷、准确率高,可以在生产和科研中推广应用;15对肋骨牦牛中,大多数个体的胸椎多出1个,而腰椎数正常,且60%以上个体肋骨组型为8+7+0,无浮肋;中心产区,多肋牦牛比例为52.08%,分布区为30.21%。     

海南特有种东方琼楠种群结构特征

为探讨海南特有种东方琼楠(Beilschmiedia tungfangensis)种群结构特征,在海南尖峰岭林区设置20.4hm2样地,从种群径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、空间分布格局等方面进行分析。结果表明:1)东方琼楠种群径级分布呈倒"J"型,为增长型种群;2)在第Ⅲ级(DBH:10～15cm)时生命期望值最高,向大龄级和小龄级呈递减趋势;3)存活曲线接近DeeveyⅢ型,呈凹型;死亡率曲线和消失率曲线呈"V"型;4)不同分析方法均表明该种群呈聚集分布,且聚群强度较大;5)聚块性指数随径级呈"正余弦"变化。     

青蛤抗菌肽基因的克隆及其在组织间的表达分析

利用构建的SMART-cDNA文库及高通量测序方法,获得了青蛤抗菌肽macin家族相关基因(mytimacin)的全长序列,采用荧光定量PCR方法分析了mytimacin在青蛤各组织的表达情况,并在鳗弧菌胁迫下分析了mytima-cin在外套膜中的时序表达关系。结果表明,mytimacin基因全长461bp,开放阅读框为261bp,编码86个氨基酸,具有24个氨基酸的信号肽序列;荧光定量PCR结果显示,该基因在血液、肝脏、外套膜、鳃和闭壳肌等组织中普遍表达,其中外套膜表达水平最高,在鳃中表达最低;在鳗弧菌刺激后6～24h,青蛤外套膜中mytimacin的表达量出现明显上调的趋势且与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),说明mytimacin抗菌肽基因在青蛤的免疫反应中具有重要作用。     

云南省2006～2010年非脊灰肠道病毒分子流行病学特征分析

为了解云南省非脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)肠道病毒(NPEV)的基因型分布及分子进化特征,对2006～2010年间从急性迟缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离到的105株NPEVs进行VP1区部分核苷酸扩增和序列测定。所获得的云南地方株基因序列与各基因型原型株进行核苷酸与氨基酸同源性比较,并与GenBank中选取的代表株构建基因进化关系树。结果分析显示:105株NPEVs分别属于HEV-A、HEV-B、HEV-C,其中HEV-A 18株(7个血清型)所占比例为17.1%;HEV-B 77株(22个血清型)所占比例为73.3%,表明云南省AFP病例中流行的NPEV还是以HEV-B为主;HEV-C 10株(4个血清型)所占比例为9.5%;没有分离到HEV-D组肠道病毒;基因进化树中各种血清型病毒与对应原型株及代表株聚集一起,除CA2、EV90和EV76外,云南地方株与原型株位于不同分支。相同型别的毒株在5年的流行过程中变异程度亦不同,亲缘关系远近不一,表明这些病毒在云南省存在不同的传播链。