赤眼蜂的产卵行为

赤眼蜂能在多种宿主卵中产卵寄生,并且还具有在人工物体上产卵的习性。Holloway早在1912年即观察到秋葵植物汁滴干燥结膜后,广赤眼蜂(Trichogramma evanescen)企图在其表面产卵。Salt(1935)观察到赤眼蜂有企图将产卵器插入玻璃珠,水银滴,植物种子等表面的行为。Hagen等(1965)试制人工蜡卵饲喂草蛉幼虫时,偶然发现赤眼蜂可以产卵在这种蜡卵内。近年来,Rajendram和Hagen(1974)曾用上述蜡卵引诱赤眼蜂产卵于盐水或氨基酸溶液内。总之,赤眼蜂可在不少的非天然的宿主或物体上产卵,并且所报道产过卵的物体都是球形的。Salt(1937)认为决定赤眼蜂产卵的因素是化学感觉,夜蛾中促使赤眼蜂产卵的物质是22—25碳的直链烷烃成分。但影响产卵行为的各种因素尚缺乏详细的分析。     

麦长腿红蜘蛛雄虫的新发现

麦长腿红蜘蛛Petrobia latens Muller 雄虫 身体梨形。长459微米,宽272微米。身体背面具极细的指纹状刻纹,在油镜下才能看见。背刚毛短,纺锤形,具茸毛。前肢体段前毛长15μ;中毛长18μ;后毛长28μ;肩毛长27μ;三对背中毛的长度由前向后依次为28μ、25μ、25μ;三对背侧毛的长度与背中毛相等;荐毛和攫毛长24μ(图1)。     

上海地区鼠体恙螨的调查

本文对上海地区鼠体恙螨种类和在不同环境中数量进行了调查: 1.陆地(川沙、嘉定、南汇县)和长兴岛、崇明岛恙螨指数有差别。陆地恙螨指数均高于岛屿。但陆地和长兴岛、崇明岛之间恙螨指数差别也有不同。陆地恙螨指数和形成历史达千年以上的崇明岛比较,则差别较小,而陆地恙螨指数和形成不到百年历史的长兴岛差别极大。 2.小盾恙螨在沿海边县的恙螨指数和寄生率均远较非沿海边县为高。在沿海边各县中,离海边愈近的乡镇,其指数愈高。 3.室内、外鼠恙螨种类比较,与氏螯齿恙螨明显的分布于居宅室内附近的家鼠体上。而居中恙螨、高山真棒恙螨和温氏五甲恙螨在褐家鼠等鼠体上未曾发现。从恙螨的数量来看,室外鼠体上恙螨指数远较室内鼠体为高,故认为室外鼠是恙螨的主要宿主。其中特别黑线姬鼠是本地恙螨的主要宿主。 4.根据冬季竹林和非竹林恙螨数量的比较来看,竹林恙螨指数远远高于非竹林。从恙螨种类来看,在竹林内恙螨指数较高的螨种是于氏恙螨和须恙螨。 5.除竹林外,坟堆内所捕到的鼠恙螨指数也较高。其中指数较高的螨种有于氏恙螨、萨氏背展恙螨、小盾恙螨和须恙螨。从各种作物来看,以甘薯田、稻田、甘蓝田、胡萝卜田内捕到的黑线姬鼠恙螨指数较高;麦田、油菜田和无作物田为最低。     

Frequent Unanticipated Alleles of lethal giant larvae in Drosophila Second Chromosome Stocks

Forty years ago, a high frequency of lethal giant larvae (lgl) alleles in wild populations of Drosophila melanogaster was reported. This locus has been intensively studied for its roles in epithelial polarity, asymmetric neural divisions, and restriction of tissue proliferation. Here, we identify a high frequency of lgl alleles in the Bloomington second chromosome deficiency kit and the University of California at Los Angeles Bruinfly FRT40A-lethal P collection. These unrecognized aberrations confound the use of these workhorse collections for phenotypic screening or genetic mapping. In addition, we determined that independent alleles of insensitive, reported to affect asymmetric cell divisions during sensory organ development, carry lgl deletions that are responsible for the observed phenotypes. Taken together, these results encourage the routine testing of second chromosome stocks for second-site alleles of lgl.     

Indication of dynamic neurovascular coupling from inconsistency between EEG and fMRI indices across sleep–wake states

Sleep and Biological Rhythms - Neurovascular coupling (NVC), the transient regional hyperemia following the evoked neuronal responses, is the basis of blood oxygenation level-dependent techniques...     

The FYVE Domain of Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation (SARA) Is Required to Prevent Skin Carcinogenesis,but Not in Mouse Development

Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation (SARA) has been reported as a critical role in TGF-β signal transduction by recruiting non-activated Smad2/3 to the TGF-β receptor and ensuring appropriate subcellular localization of the activated receptor-bound complex. However, controversies still exist in previous reports. In this study, we describe the expression of two SARA isoforms, SARA₁ and SARA₂, in mice and report the generation and characterization of SARA mutant mice with FYVE domain deletion. SARA mutant mice developed normally and showed no gross abnormalities. Further examination showed that the TGF-β signaling pathway was indeed altered in SARA mutant mice, with the downregulation of Smad2 protein expression. The decreasing expression of Smad2 was caused by enhancing Smurf2-mediated proteasome degradation pathway. However, the internalization of TGF-β receptors into the early endosome was not affected in SARA mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Moreover, the downregulation of Smad2 in SARA mutant MEFs was not sufficient to disrupt the diverse cellular biological functions of TGF-β signaling, including growth inhibition, apoptosis, senescence, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Our results indicate that SARA is not involved in the activation process of TGF-β signal transduction. Using a two-stage skin chemical carcinogenesis assay, we found that the loss of SARA promoted skin tumor formation and malignant progression. Our data suggest a protective role of SARA in skin carcinogenesis.     

天麻栽培用蜜环菌的遗传多样性、生长和水解酶

蜜环菌Armillaria是一种广泛分布的担子菌,是栽培中药天麻所必须的共生菌。为揭示我国天麻栽培用和鄂西地区部分野生蜜环菌资源的遗传多样性和生物学特性,本文收集了9个省市EF-1-α的19个蜜环菌商品菌株和鄂西地区20株野生蜜环菌菌株,以IGS、ITS和elongation factor-1-alpha（EF-1-α）为分子标记对这些菌株进行系统发育与遗传多样性分析,并对影响与天麻共生的生物学特性（菌索发育和胞外水解酶活性）进行对比研究。结果表明,这19株蜜环菌商品菌株分别归属于2个clade。其中,有18个菌株聚在cladeⅢ,说明不同来源的蜜环菌商品菌株之间系统发育关系很近;通过对蜜环菌的系统发育、菌索生长以及胞外水解酶活性的研究,总体上商品种优于鄂西的野生蜜环菌生物种。从鄂西野生蜜环菌中筛选出4个具有潜在栽培价值的菌株。本研究为天麻栽培生产中蜜环菌菌种的选择提供参考。