云南瑞丽果实蝇属二新种记述(双翅目,实蝇科,寡鬃实蝇亚科)

记述采自中国云南瑞丽的果实蝇属(双翅目,实蝇科)2新种,拟黑颜果实蝇 Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)proprediaphraWang,Xiao et Chen,sp.nov.和瑞丽果实蝇 Bactrocera(Bactrocera)ruiliensis Wang,Xiao et Chen,sp.nov..2新种的正模及其中的4个副模标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所,其余的副模标本保存于瑞丽出入境检验检疫局.     

THE LATE TRIASSIC BLACK SHALES OF THE GUANLING AREA, GUIZHOU PROVINCE, SOUTH-WEST CHINA: A UNIQUE MARINE REPTILE AND PELAGIC CRINOID FOSSIL LAGERSTÄTTE

Abstract:  Black shales of the lower member of the Carnian Xiaowa Formation (previously known as the Wayao Member of the Falang Formation or as the Wayao Formation) in the Guanling area, Guizhou Province, south-west China, are yielding a rich marine reptile fauna and exceptional remains of pelagic crinoids. The black shales represent deposition on the drowned southern margin of the Yangtze Platform during a Maximum Flooding Interval. The relatively reduced sedimentation rates led to the formation of the Lagerstätte through the accumulation of fossils in the anoxic bottom sediments over a prolonged period of time. Invertebrate fossils represent almost exclusively pelagic forms, such as a diverse ammonite fauna and halobiid bivalves. The spectacular finds of colonies of large (stem lengths > 11 m) crinoids of the genus Traumatocrinus attached to driftwood prove that this crinoid was the first to evolve a pseudoplanktonic life style. The other crinoid is the planktonic roveacrinid Osteocrinus . The marine reptile fauna, represented by probably hundreds of skeletons, is numerically dominated by three species of ichthyosaurs and four species of thalattosaurs. The thalattosaurs fill a palaeobiogeographic gap between the Alpine thalattosaur faunas and those from western North America. Two species of placodonts are rare finds. As for the thalattosaurs, the placodont occurrences greatly expand the geographic range of the group because placodonts have been known previously only from the Mediterranean region, the Alps and the Muschelkalk Basin. The unique abundance of thalattosaurs contrasts with a scarcity of fishes. Although we suggest that the fauna is authochthonous and inhabited surface waters, it must have represented an unusual ecosystem. However, the possibility remains that both the marine reptiles and the Traumatocrinus colonies were concentrated in the region by currents and do not reflect the biocoenosis.     

两种氮素形态对药用植物三叶青中黄酮类活性成分积累的影响及相关分子机制的初步探讨

以珍稀濒危药用植物三叶青（Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg）为材料,通过遮荫条件下（30%自然光）的盆栽试验,研究了硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）两种不同氮素形态对其根和叶中黄酮类活性成分含量的影响并探讨其机制。结果表明：NO₃^--N处理后的三叶青叶中原花青素B1、芦丁、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素、异槲皮苷、山柰酚的含量比NH₄⁺-N处理的高;其根中的原花青素B1、芦丁、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素、异槲皮苷、山柰酚的含量比NH₄⁺-N处理的高。进一步的研究发现NO₃^--N处理过的三叶青其根、叶中与黄酮类化合物合成相关的酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、查尔酮合成酶（CHS）转录与表达水平高于NH₄⁺-N处理的三叶青。此外,NO₃^--N处理的三叶青叶、根中的PAL和CHS酶活性也高于NH₄⁺-N处理。利用PAL特异性抑制剂AOA处理后,AOA能显著抑制PAL酶活性（P<0.05）并导致黄酮类成分含量极显著下降（P<0.01）。综上所述,施用NO₃^--N更有益于三叶青黄酮类化合物的生物合成,其主要是通过增加PAL代谢途径关键酶的基因表达量进而提高其酶活性来增强黄酮类化合物的合成。     

Supplemental Cytogeographical Studies on the Scilla sinensis （Louriro） Merrill Complex in China

Seven hundred and fourteen individuals of the Scilla sinensis (Louriro) Merrill complex were sampled from 21 populations at 19 localities in 10 provinces and two cities of China and investigated cytologically in order to test its cytotype composition and cytogeographical variation still further. Five cytotypes were found (i.e. AA (2n = 16), BB (2n = 18), AABB (2n = 34), AAA (2n = 24), and AABB 9 (2n =43)). Until now, nine of the 12 cytotypes have been identified on the continent, which indicates that it is an important place for the cytotypic differentiation of the complex. The cytotype AABB 9 is a new record on the continent. AAA was recorded for the second time in this complex. The majority of populations are composed of only one cytotype (AA, BB, or AABB), whereas another four populations consist of more than two cytotypes involving AA, BB, AAA, AABB, and AABB 9. The distribution of BB covers the entire region south to Huai River, whereas AA populations are distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Hong Kong, and Guangdong and are isolated from its major distribution. The appearance of AABB 9 is possibly evidence for the degeneration of the subglobular bulb type of AABB and the fact that AAA and AAAA exist in the interior border regions of the range of this complex probably suggests that drought is a major factor promoting plant polyploidization. In addition, the mean numbers of B chromosomes per individual, the percentage of individuals with the B chromosome in each population, and the correlation coefficients between the latter and their latitude/longitude were calculated. Generally speaking, the B chromosome number is higher in BB populations compared with AA populations and there is a prominent tendency that the B chromosome content in either AA or BB populations correlates with the latitude and longitude of the populations.     

高寒草甸不同海拔梯度下多年生黄帚橐吾的克隆生长特征

通过对多年生植物黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)在四个不同海拔梯度下的克隆生长行为进行研究,结果表明：(1)资源水平(土壤养分)、干扰和群落性质影响间隔物(spacer)长度的变化。在第一和第四海拔梯度中(土壤养分较丰富)间隔物长度较短,而在第二和第三海拔梯度中(土壤养分较贫乏)间隔物长度较长,说明其能对资源水平和生境优劣作出反应。(2)分枝强度(branching intensity)随资源水平的增加而上升。(3)在高海拔、寒冷和资源较丰富的生境中,其生物量的投资偏向于地下部分生物量,说明黄帚橐吾的资源分配方式受到环境资源条件和群落性质的影响。