西双版纳保护区植物根际细菌的筛选及其促生能力研究

【背景】西双版纳保护区具有丰富的生物多样性,而该区域植物根际细菌特别是放线菌及其促生能力相关报道较少。【目的】从西双版纳保护区根际土壤中筛选出植物根际促生菌,并检测其促生能力。【方法】采用5种不同培养基筛选出植物根际促生菌并通过16S rDNA序列分析进行分类学鉴定,运用Salkowski法测定菌株产IAA的能力,CAS法测定菌株产铁载体能力,钼锑抗显色法测定菌株的解磷能力,CMC-Na法测定菌株产纤维素酶能力和改良的Young法测定产淀粉酶能力,综合评价所得菌株的促生能力。【结果】从土样中分离纯化得到14株典型促生菌,经鉴定分别归属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、诺卡菌属(Nocardi)、杆菌属(Bacillus)、中华根瘤菌属(Ensifer)、中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)和狭单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)。其中菌株B433产吲哚乙酸的能力在培养12 d时达到最大值9.23 mg/L;菌株B351、B453、B546这3株菌株产铁载体的能力较强,其Su80%,最高可达86.67%,强度为+++++;菌株B541的解磷能力最强,磷酸根的浓度达到9.79 mg/L;菌株B442综合产纤维素酶能力最强为31.86 U/mL;菌株B412淀粉酶活力为16.07 U/mL。【结论】西双版纳保护区植物根际土壤促生细菌种类丰富,且具有较强的广谱促生能力,有潜在的开发价值,本研究可为此地的微生物资源开发提供可靠的菌株资源依据。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌抑制灰葡萄孢的效应

[背景] 灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）是引起葡萄采后病害的主要病原菌之一,严重影响葡萄的贮期和品质,给葡萄产业带来极大损失。利用拮抗微生物抑制采后病原菌生长已逐渐成为防治葡萄采后灰霉病的重要手段。[目的] 利用昆虫病原线虫共生细菌广谱高效的抑菌特性,从现有共生细菌资源中筛选对灰葡萄孢具有高拮抗作用的菌株,为葡萄采后灰霉病的抑制提供新的材料和研究方向。[方法] 通过平板对峙培养法和菌丝生长速率法分离筛选拮抗共生细菌,并对优选的高效拮抗共生细菌进行16S rRNA基因序列进化分析,采用扫描电镜观察其对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长的影响,利用损伤接种法对红地球葡萄防治效果进行验证。[结果] 初步分离筛选共获得9株拮抗菌,复筛与复测得到一株抑菌效果显著的共生细菌（命名为ALL）,经进化分析其为嗜线虫致病杆菌（Xenorhabdus nematophila）,其16S rRNA基因序列的Genbank登录号为MW488402,与菌株Xenorhabdus nematophi la NC116聚于同一分支,相似性达99.79%。扫描电镜观察该菌株导致灰葡萄孢菌丝扭曲变形、表面皱缩、失水塌陷,该菌株发酵（36 h）上清液浓度为1%时对灰葡萄孢菌丝抑制率达44.5%。在葡萄常温防效实验中,与对照组比较,ALL菌株发酵上清液对灰霉菌防治效果较好,3 d后防效为63.50%。[结论] 本研究应用昆虫病原线虫共生细菌生物防治葡萄贮期灰霉病,筛选出一株高效拮抗灰葡萄孢的昆虫病原线虫共生细菌,而且其上清液对灰葡萄孢具有良好的抑制效果,为生物防治贮期葡萄灰霉病提供了新的生物材料和相关研究基础。     

Length–weight relationships for 15 fish species from the Three Gorges Reservoir

The length–weight relationships (LWRs) for 15 fish species from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were described in this paper. Specimens were collected using gill nets (mesh size: 6, 8, 10, 12 cm), cage net (mesh size: 1 cm), benthic fyke net (mesh size: 1 cm), hook longlines (80 m long, 3 barbless hooks per meter line) and electrofishing (power: 1,500 w; distance of electrodes: 1–2 m; water depth: 0.2–1.0 m; water area: 1–2 m²; catch by dip net [mesh size: 0.4 cm]) at four sections of the TGR, monthly in June–August and October–November in 2017 and 2018. The first LWR reference for Zacco acutipinnis (Bleeker, 1871), Discogobio brachyphysallidos Huang, 1989, Squalidus nitens (Günther, 1873), Leptobotia pellegrini Fang, 1936, Sinibotia reevesae (Chang, 1944), Pseudobagrus tenuifurcatus (Nichols, 1931), Pseudobagrus medianalis (Regan, 1904), Liobagrus marginatoides (Wu, 1930), Glyptothorax fokiensis (Rendahl, 1925), and Ctenogobius szechuanensis (Liu, 1940) and new maximum total length for 12 species are provided.     

建立多重液相基因芯片方法快速检测狐狸、水貂成分

基于xMAP液相芯片新型生物技术平台,分别以狐狸线粒体DNA D-loop区序列、水貂线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因序列为模板设计特异扩增引物和探针,并对探针进行锁核酸修饰,建立了二重xMAP液相基因芯片方法,用于快速检测狐狸和水貂源性成分。该法能准确鉴定鉴别狐狸和水貂DNA,对其他18种动物物种DNA均呈检测阴性,对狐狸、水貂DNA的检测低限分别为2. 8pg/μl、0. 9pg/μl,对肉类混样检出限为0. 05%(m/m)。对目标源性DNA含量为1%(V/V)的32份饲料与食品核酸添加样本均呈对应目标检测阳性。结果表明,该方法特异性强、灵敏度高,适用于食品与饲料领域相关原料和产品的质量与安全检验。     

High resolution assembly and characterization of genomes of Canadian isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis

Background

There is a need to characterize genomes of the foodborne pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) and identify genetic information that could be ultimately deployed for differentiating strains of the organism, a need that is yet to be addressed mainly because of the high degree of clonality of the organism. In an effort to achieve the first characterization of the genomes of SE of Canadian origin, we carried out massively parallel sequencing of the nucleotide sequence of 11 SE isolates obtained from poultry production environments (n = 9), a clam and a chicken, assembled finished genomes and investigated diversity of the SE genome.

Results

The median genome size was 4,678,683 bp. A total of 4,833 chromosomal genes defined the pan genome of our field SE isolates consisting of 4,600 genes present in all the genomes, i.e., core genome, and 233 genes absent in at least one genome (accessory genome). Genome diversity was demonstrable by the presence of 1,360 loci showing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the core genome which was used to portray the genetic distances by means of a phylogenetic tree for the SE isolates. The accessory genome consisted mostly of previously identified SE prophage sequences as well as two, apparently full- sized, novel prophages namely a 28 kb sequence provisionally designated as SE-OLF-10058 (3) prophage and a 43 kb sequence provisionally designated as SE-OLF-10012 prophage.

Conclusions

The number of SNPs identified in the relatively large core genome of SE is a reflection of substantial diversity that could be exploited for strain differentiation as shown by the development of an informative phylogenetic tree. Prophage sequences can also be exploited for SE strain differentiation and lineage tracking. This work has laid the ground work for further studies to develop a readily adoptable laboratory test for the subtyping of SE.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-713) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Cytological Studies of the Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Lilium regale and L. davidii

The distribution and characteristics of plastids and mitochondria in the generative and sperm cells of Lilium regale Wils. and L. davidii Duch. were described. In L. regale there were few plastids and abundant mitochondria in the newly formed generative cell. When the generative cell became free in the vegetative cytoplasm, the plastids degenerated completely within the generative cell. It was further proved by DAPI fluorescent technique that there was no organell DNA in the generative cell within the mature pollen grain or the pollen tube. However, distribution of the plastids was strictly polarizable during the division of the micmspore in L. davidii, resulting the lack of plastids in the newly formed generative cell. Data of RFLP analysis comparable between L. davidii, L. longifiorum and their interspecific hybrid have also proved the plastid inheritance in L. davidii to be of uniparental maternal transmission. Although the mitoehondria were observed both in the generative and sperm cells of L. regale and L. davidii but their DNA was decomposed in the male gametophyte stage. Therefore the mitochondda in the sperm cell could not be transmitted into the offspring. The results provided the detail, cytological evidence that organelles in the microgametophyte are incapable of genetic transmission in the two species of Lilium.     

Genome‐wide analysis of Nilaparvata lugens nymphal responses to high‐density and low‐quality rice hosts

The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens is an economically important pest on rice plants. In this study, the higher population density and yellow‐ripe stage of rice plants were used to construct adverse survival conditions (ASC) against BPH nymphs. Simultaneously, the low population density and tillering stage of rice plants were used to establish a suitable survival condition (SSC) as a control. Solexa/Illumina sequencing was used to identify genes of BPH nymphs responding to ASC. Significantly longer duration development of BPH nymphs and significantly lower brachypterous ratio of BPH adults were observed by ASC compared with SSC. A total of 2 544 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained and analyzed by BLASTx, Gene Ontology and KEGG Orthology. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly involved in categories of cell, cell part, cellular process, binding, catalytic, organelle and metabolic processes. 1 138 DEGs having enzyme commission numbers were assigned to different metabolic pathways. The largest clusters were neurodegenerative diseases (137, 12.0%), followed by carbohydrate metabolism (113, 9.9%), amino acid metabolism (94, 8.3%), nucleotide metabolism (76, 6.7%), energy metabolism (64, 5.6%), translation (60, 5.3%), lipid metabolism (58, 5.1%), and folding, sorting and degradation (52, 4.6%). Expressing profile of 11 DEGs during eight nymphal developmental stages of BPH were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The 11 genes exhibited differential expression between ASC and SSC during at least one developmental stage. The DEGs identified in this study provide molecular proof of how BPH reconfigures its gene expression profile to adapt to overcrowding and low‐quality hosts.     

Skin aging caused by intrinsic or extrinsic processes characterized with functional proteomics

The skin provides protection against environmental stress. However, intrinsic and extrinsic aging causes significant alteration to skin structure and components, which subsequently impairs molecular characteristics and biochemical processes. Here, we have conducted an immunohistological investigation and established the proteome profiles on nude mice skin to verify the specific responses during aging caused by different factors. Our results showed that UVB‐elicited aging results in upregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and strong oxidative damage in DNA, whereas chronological aging abolished epidermal cell growth and increased the expression of caspase‐14, as well as protein carbonylation. Network analysis indicated that the programmed skin aging activated the ubiquitin system and triggered obvious downregulation of 14‐3‐3 sigma, which might accelerate the loss of cell growth capacity. On the other hand, UVB stimulation enhanced inflammation and the risk of skin carcinogenesis. Collectively, functional proteomics could provide large‐scale investigation of the potent proteins and molecules that play important roles in skin subjected to both intrinsic and extrinsic aging.