The Water Relations of Young Olive Trees in a Mediterranean Winter: Measurements of Evaporation from Leaves and Water Conduction in Wood

We report measurements of evaporation rate, leaf resistanceto evaporation and water conduction in the stems of young olivetrees (Olea europea L.) growing in Messina, Italy, during thewinter and early spring. We have measured what Zimmermann calls‘leaf specific conductivity’ (LSC) of stem segmentsexcised from olive trees. The LSC is a measure of the specifichydraulic conductivity of stem segments normalized per unitarea of leaves supplied by the stem segment rather than perunit area of sapwood cross-sectional area. We find that theLSC's of primary stems were the largest followed in magnitudeby the LSC's of secondary stems and tertiary stems. Under winterand early spring conditions the maximum evaporative flux fromCoratina and Nocellara varieties of olive trees is about 2.6x 10^–5 kg 8^–1 m^–2. From this and the LSC measurementswe calculate that the pressure gradients needed to maintainthis rate of evaporation in the steady state is 65 kPa m^–1in primary stems, 170 kPa m^–1 in secondary stems and 560kPa m^–1 in tertiary stems. Olive, Olea europea L, evaporation, leaf specific conductivity, hydraulic conductivity, leaf resistance     

稻纵卷叶螟迁飞途径的研究

稻纵卷叶螟 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee原为我国水稻上一种间歇性、局部性发生的害虫,随着耕作改制、品种更新、密植高肥等生产水平的提高,为害程度从1965年开始在全国范围内明显上升,已成为水稻上一种常发性的重要害虫。分布东自台湾,西迄西藏,南起海南岛,北到黑龙江,遍及二十八个省、市自治区,主要为害区在泰沂山区到秦岭一线以南各省稻区,及华北、东北渤海湾沿岸地区。国外分布主要在亚洲高温多雨的热带、亚热带及夏季高温多雨的温带地区,以南亚、东南亚各国及日本、朝鲜等地为主,其他     

A molecular phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines,A. breviligula Maa,and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India,A. indica Fabricius,are valid species

Two new taxa have been added to the existing molecular phylogenies of the genus Apis. The new phylogeny supports the accepted phylogenetic relationships of {dwarf honey bees [giant honey bees (cavity‐nesting honey bees)]}. Based on Bayesian and maximum parsimony trees, our analysis supports recognition of Apis indica, the Plains Honey Bee of south India, as a separate species from A. cerana. Our analysis also supports recognition of the Giant Philippines Honey Bee, A. breviligula, as a separate species from A. dorsata.