上海环城林带景观美学评价及优化策略

选取上海环城林带7种植物群落,采用美景度评判法,从林内景观和林外景观2个空间层次和春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,应用数量化理论Ⅰ建立了美景度和各景观因子类目之间的景观评价与预测的多元回归模型,分析了群落的结构特征和季相特征对林内景观以及外貌特征对林外景观的影响,并提出相应的优化对策。结果表明:(1)群落结构特征对林内景观的影响主要因子为胸径(平均胸径和胸径变异系数)、郁闭度和疏透度。在春季,林内美景度随着树木胸径增大而增加;在夏季,郁闭度增大会提升林内美景度;在秋季,胸径变异小的群落具有更高的林内观赏性;在冬季,疏透度对林内景观美景度影响最大。(2)群落季相特征对林内景观的影响,在各季节表现亦不同。在春季,黄色、紫色等明度较高的色相和开花量适中的群落美景度最佳;在夏季,生长势好、林冠层变化小以及树干清晰度高的群落具较高的美景度,且观花可显著提高夏季林内美景度;在秋季,色彩越纯美景度越高;而在冬季,树皮颜色深的群落美景度高。(3)群落外貌特征对林外景观有显著影响,其中林冠线对林外景观美景度影响最大,其次为林缘线。具有起伏不大林冠线和自然流畅林缘线的植物群落美景度高。旨在通过对典型植被群落不同季相的美景度评价,对上海环城林带的群落景观进行定量的评价,进而为不同情景下的群落结构优化提出相应的对策,为城市森林的群落建构与管理提供科学依据。     

Lacking chloroplasts in guard cells of crumpled leaf attenuates stomatal opening: both guard cell chloroplasts and mesophyll contribute to guard cell ATP levels

Controversies regarding the function of guard cell chloroplasts and the contribution of mesophyll in stomatal movements have persisted for several decades. Here, by comparing the stomatal opening of guard cells with (crl‐ch) or without chloroplasts (crl‐no ch) in one epidermis of crl (crumpled leaf) mutant in Arabidopsis, we showed that stomatal apertures of crl‐no ch were approximately 65–70% those of crl‐ch and approximately 50–60% those of wild type. The weakened stomatal opening in crl‐no ch could be partially restored by imposing lower extracellular pH. Correspondingly, the external pH changes and K⁺ accumulations following fusicoccin (FC) treatment were greatly reduced in the guard cells of crl‐no ch compared with crl‐ch and wild type. Determination of the relative ATP levels in individual cells showed that crl‐no ch guard cells contained considerably lower levels of ATP than did crl‐ch and wild type after 2 h of white light illumination. In addition, guard cell ATP levels were lower in the epidermis than in leaves, which is consistent with the observed weaker stomatal opening response to white light in the epidermis than in leaves. These results provide evidence that both guard cell chloroplasts and mesophyll contribute to the ATP source for H⁺ extrusion by guard cells.     

食品科学与工程专业生物化学教学体会——从应用型人才培养角度出发

生物化学是生命科学、食品科学、医学等多个领域相关专业的基础课。笔者从食品科学与工程专业应用型人才培养的角度出发,对人才培养目标、教学内容、教学方法与手段和教师的"爱与激情"等几个方面进行了探讨,以期更好地指导、促进生物化学的教学工作。     

影响籼稻基因枪法遗传转化效果的几个因素的研究(简报)

基因枪转化技术在水稻的遗传转化上已被广泛地应用并获得显著的成效。与原生质体转化法相比较,基因枪法具有不受或少受基因型限制的优点且提高了转化效率,但对籼稻,仍有不少问题需要解决,转化系统尚须进一步完善。因此有必要对影响转化频率的因素进行深入的研究。我们在以barnase基因对籼稻的遗传转化以诱发工程雄性不育的研究中,特别注     

丁(鱼岁)不同群体间形态学差异与随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析

采用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析3种数理统计方法,对我国新疆朱家湖丁(鱼岁)群体、73水库丁(鱼岁)群体和从捷克引进我国的丁(鱼岁)群体的可量性状和框架参数进行分析.聚类分析和主成分分析显示,朱家湖群体与73水库群体较为接近,而捷克群体与前两群体相距较远.判别分析亦可将捷克群体与前两群体分开,准确率达100%.从60个随机引物中筛选出的20个引物对丁(鱼岁)朱家湖群体、73水库群体和捷克群体进行了随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析.引物S440在捷克群体扩增出的450bp片段为该群体特有的标记片段.朱家湖群体、73水库群体、捷克群体多态位点比例分别为24%、22.67%和18.42%;群体内遗传相似度分别为0.8967、0.9035和0.9309;遗传多态度(π)分别为0.1539、0.1489和0.1142.表明朱家湖群体保持着较高的遗传变异.三群体间的遗传相似度为0.6868-0.9496,群体遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.048-0.238,分子方差分析发现群体内方差占总方差的83.96%,群体间的方差只占16.04%,由此推断三群体间遗传分化并不大.     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Tibetan Wild Barley Using SSR Markers

One hundred and six accessions of wild barley collected from Tibet, China, including 50 entries of the two-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (HS), 29 entries of the six-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon (HA), and 27 entries of the six-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon var. lagunculiforme (HL), were analyzed using 30 SSR markers selected from the seven barley linkage groups for studying genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship of the three subspecies of Tibetan wild barley to cultivated barley in China. Over the 30 genetic loci that were studied, 229 alleles were identified among the 106 accessions, of which 70 were common alleles. H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum possesses about thrice more private alleles (2.83 alleles/locus) than HS (0.93 alleles/locus), whereas almost no private alleles were detected in HL. The genetic diversity among-subspecies is much higher than that within-subspecies. Generally, the genetic diversity among the three subspecies is of the order HS > HL > HA. Phylogenetic analysis of the 106 accessions showed that all the accessions of HS and HA was clustered in their own groups, whereas the 27 accessions of HL were separated into two groups (14 entries with group HS and the rest with group HA). This indicated that HL was an intermediate form between HS and HA. Based on this study and previous works, we suggested that Chinese cultivated barley might evolve from HS via HL to HA.     

实验性X综合征大鼠模型的建立

目的　建立一种典型的X综合症动物模型。方法　雄性SD大鼠施行两肾一夹术后普通饲料喂养 4周 ,诱发肾性高血压 ,继以高果糖饲料喂养 4周 ,诱导建立X综合症模型。结果　术后 4周 ,大鼠仅出现收缩压升高 ,血糖、血脂未见明显改变。高果糖饲料喂养 4周后 ,大鼠出现高血糖、高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗、高血压和高脂血症。结论　肾性高血压形成后高果糖饮食 1个月 ,可诱导SD大鼠出现典型的X综合症 ,为研究胰岛素抵抗及其伴随的心血管疾病提供了一种理想的动物模型。     

SARS冠状病毒N蛋白基因的克隆、表达及活性测定

利用PCR基因扩增法,以SARS冠状病毒全基因质粒为模板,获得N蛋白相应抗原基因,构建了表达载体pBV220／SARS-N,并在E．coli中获得高效表达。用纯化后的N蛋白抗原包被测定板,通过间接ELISA法对阴阳性血清进行活性测定,结果表明,在46份阳性血中有41份被测出,检出率为89．13％。本研究克隆并表达了SARS冠状病毒N蛋白,为进一步研制SARS病人抗体检测试剂和SARS疫苗奠定了基础。     

五种提取马尾松基因组DNA方法的比较

对于含有大量多糖如酚、酯、萜等其它二次代谢产物的松科和杉科等针叶植物,要从其组织中提取高质量的基因组DNA一般都比较困难。本文以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)针叶为材料,分别采取了简易提取法、高盐沉淀法、CTAB沉淀法、Ziegenhagen法和QIAGEN公司DNeasy Plant Mini Kits 5种方法提取基因组DNA;并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、限制性内切酶处理和RAPD 3种方法对所提取的DNA样品进行检测,将它们在DNA的产量、质量和耗时、耗费等方面的优缺点进行定量总结,以便在实际工作中根据不同的实验目的选取最合适的方法,并根据分子生态学研究工作的实际特点确定了CTAB沉淀法为最佳方法。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒NA、PB2和PA表位抗原区段的克隆和表达

目的:分析比对甲型H1N1流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)、聚合酶B2(PB2)和聚合酶A(PA)抗原的序列,克隆表达保守的和变异的表位抗原区段,为免疫学诊断试剂的研究提供候选抗原。方法:采用BioSun生物学软件比较新近公布的A/H1N1流感病毒和我国猪流感病毒浙江株NA、PB2和PA抗原序列,并预测筛选NA、PB2和PA抗原表位保守区段与变异区段,采用PCR逐步合成法合成NA、PB2和PA表位抗原区段基因序列,并利用原核表达载体pBVIL1进行克隆表达。结果:筛选的保守表位抗原区段和变异表位抗原区段为NA/135～180aa、NA/310～350aa、PB2/1～80aa、PA/41～90aa、PA/231～280aa和PA/341～400aa;获得6条表位抗原区段基因序列,且6条表位抗原区段均获得了高效表达,得到纯化后的抗原。结论:获得了A/H1N1流感病毒NA、PB2和PA表位抗原区段,为进一步研制特异的甲型流感病毒快速诊断试剂提供了抗原储备。