Modeling Calcium Wave Based on Anomalous Subdiffusion of Calcium Sparks in Cardiac Myocytes

sparks and waves play important roles in calcium release and calcium propagation during the excitation-contraction (EC) coupling process in cardiac myocytes. Although the classical Fick’s law is widely used to model sparks and waves in cardiac myocytes, it fails to reasonably explain the full-width at half maximum(FWHM) paradox. However, the anomalous subdiffusion model successfully reproduces sparks of experimental results. In this paper, in the light of anomalous subdiffusion of sparks, we develop a mathematical model of calcium wave in cardiac myocytes by using stochastic release of release units (CRUs). Our model successfully reproduces calcium waves with physiological parameters. The results reveal how concentration waves propagate from an initial firing of one CRU at a corner or in the middle of considered region, answer how large in magnitude of an anomalous spark can induce a wave. With physiological currents (2pA) through CRUs, it is shown that an initial firing of four adjacent CRUs can form a wave. Furthermore, the phenomenon of calcium waves collision is also investigated.     

代谢、血液碱化和纯氧影响呼吸调控的人体实验研究III： 血液碱化后纯氧运动试验*

目的: 在急性血液碱化前、后空气吸入下完成症状限制性最大极限心肺运动试验(CPET)的基础上,本文探讨在血液碱化后吸入纯氧对呼吸调控的影响。方法: 正常志愿者5名在碱化血液后呼吸纯氧CPET,在静息、热身、运动及恢复期,连续测定肺通换气指标及每分钟动脉取样的血气指标,对CPET期间的呼吸气体交换和血气指标的动态变化进行分析,同时与急性碱化血液前、后空气CPET数据比较。结果: 碱化血液后吸入纯氧运动呼吸反应与急性碱化血液前、后空气CPET呼吸反应基本一致。CPET期间,各运动状态下的每分通气量均与对照组相似(P>0.05);仅静息每分通气量较血液碱化空气CPET略高(P<0.05),而其它状态和恢复2min时均相近(P>0.05)。潮气量仅峰值运动时较对照和血液碱化空气CPET略低(P<0.05);而运动过程和恢复2min时的潮气量均相近(P>0.05)。呼吸频率在各个时间与血液碱化前后CPET均无差异(P>0.05)。在碱化血液后吸入纯氧运动各个时期的PaO₂和SaO₂较碱化血液前后空气CPET时明显提高(P<0.001,P<0.05)。血红蛋白浓度虽然较急性血液碱化前后均低,但仅较血液碱化前显著降低(P<0.05),比血液碱化后差异不显著(P>0.05) ; 开始时的PaCO₂较碱化血液前后空气CPET时降低(P<0.05),无氧阈时相近(P>0.05),但到峰值及恢复2 min时明显增高(P<0.05);pH仅较对照增高(P<0.05),但与碱化血液空气试验时无差异;乳酸水平较对照略高,但仅在热身和恢复期有差异(P<0.05)。纯氧提高了两人无氧阈和三人峰值运动的功率和时间。结论: 虽然血液碱化给予纯氧, CPET呼吸反应与碱化血液前、后空气CPET呼吸反应模式相似,表明运动中呼吸反应主要取决于代谢变化,而非动脉血气平均值高低。     

Characterization of zebrafish mutants with defects in bone calcification during development

Using the fluorescent dyes calcein and alcian blue, we stained the F3 generation of chemically (ENU) mutagenized zebrafish embryos and larvae, and screened for mutants with defects in bone development. We identified a mutant line, bone calcification slow (bcs), which showed delayed axial vertebra calcification during development. Before 4–5 days post-fertilization (dpf), the bcs embryos did not display obvious abnormalities in bone development (i.e., normal number, size and shape of cartilage and vertebrae). At 5–6 dpf, when vertebrae calcification starts, bcs embryos began to show defects. At 7 dpf, for example, in most of the bcs embryos examined, calcein staining revealed no signals of vertebrae mineralization, whereas during the same developmental stages, 2–14 mineralized vertebrae were observed in wild-type animals. Decreases in the number of calcified vertebrae were also observed in bcs mutants when examined at 9 and 11 dpf, respectively. Interestingly, by 13 dpf the defects in bcs mutants were no longer evident. There were no significant differences in the number of calcified vertebrae between wild-type and mutant animals. We examined the expression of bone development marker genes (e.g., Sox9b, Bmp2b, and Cyp26b1, which play important roles in bone formation and calcification). In mutant fish, we observed slight increases in Sox9b expression, no alterations in Bmp2b expression, but significant increases in Cyp26b1 expression. Together, the data suggest that bcs delays axial skeletal calcification, but does not affect bone formation and maturation.     

野鸦椿种子内源抑制物活性初探

以野鸦椿(Euscaphis japonica)种壳和胚为材料,甲醇浸提得到种壳浸提液和胚浸提液,配制浸提液浓度梯度为原浸提液浓度的10%、20%、30%、40%,研究不同浓度的种壳和胚浸提液对白菜、小麦、绿豆种子底物酶活性、发芽率、幼苗根长和苗高的影响,萃取和分离种壳和胚甲醇浸提液中的内源抑制物质,探讨野鸦椿种子内源抑制物质的活性与成分。结果表明:随着种壳和胚浸提液浓度的增加,白菜种子酸性磷酸酶活性和发芽率均显著降低(P0.05),表现为抑制作用递增,种壳的抑制作用小于胚,而幼苗的根长和苗高则表现为低促高抑,在10%浸提液处理下根长和苗高达最大值,种壳的促进效果弱于胚;小麦种子淀粉酶活性及幼苗的根长和苗高递减(P0.05),表现为抑制作用递增,而发芽率则在浓度≤20%时差异不明显(P0.05),浓度为30%时显著降低(P0.05),40%时发芽率为0,种壳的抑制作用大于胚;绿豆种子蛋白酶活性、发芽率、幼苗根长和苗高均在浸提液浓度≥20%时显著下降(P0.05),且种壳的作用效果小于胚。种子内源抑制物萃取及分离表明,外壳中含酚酸类较胚多,含碱类较胚少。综上认为,野鸦椿种壳和胚中均含有较高活性的内源抑制物,但性质、成分及含量存在差异,外壳内源抑制物主要作用对象为淀粉类物质,胚乳内源抑制物主要作用于油脂类和蛋白类物质。     

妊娠相关脑卒中39 例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠相关脑卒中的发病原因、临床表现、母婴结局、治疗及预防措施。方法:回顾性分析2001年1月-2013年12月我院共收治的妊娠相关脑卒中39例患者的临床资料。结果:39例患者中,发生在妊娠期21例,产褥期18例。经电子计算机断层扫描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)、磁共振动脉血管造影(MRA)、磁共振脑静脉血管成像(MRV)、数字减影血管造影术(DSA)和腰椎穿刺等检查明确诊断,诊断出血性脑卒中7例,脑梗死3例,脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)29例,均给予相应的抢救及治疗。16例早期、中期妊娠患者行人工流产术或利凡诺羊膜腔内注射穿刺引产终止妊娠,5例患者行剖宫产终止妊娠。患者治愈出院15例,6例死亡,14例遗留不同程度的肢体活动障碍或语言障碍,家属放弃治疗出院4例。结论:妊娠相关脑卒中危险因素主要包括子痫前期、心源性栓塞、脑血管畸形、脑动脉瘤、水电解质紊乱等代谢障碍性疾病及产褥感染等。其发病急、病死率高,故需提高对本病的认识,定期产前检查,及时发现高危因素,早诊断及时治疗,选择适当的时机及方式终止妊娠是改善妊娠相关脑卒中患者预后的关键。     

Identification of a Novel Universal Potential Epitope on the Cytoplasmic Tail of H7N9 Virus Hemagglutinin

<正>Dear Editor,H7 N9 is a recently identified subtype of influenza A virus that caused a major outbreak in humans in China in 2013.According to the latest data provided by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(http://www.moh.gov.cn/zwgk/yqbb3/ejlist.shtml, updated on October 31, 2018),the mortality rate of H7 N9 infections in China amounts to     

OxLDL-induced macrophage cytotoxicity is mediated by lysosomal rupture and modified by intralysosomal redox-active iron

Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is believed to play a central role in atherogenesis. LDL is oxidized in the arterial intima by mechanisms that are still only partially understood. OxLDL is then taken up by macrophages through scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis, which then leads to cellular damage, including apoptosis. The complex mechanisms by which oxLDL induces cell injury are mostly unknown. This study has demonstrated that oxLDL-induced damage of macrophages is associated with iron-mediated intralysosomal oxidative reactions, which cause partial lysosomal rupture and ensuing apoptosis. This series of events can be prevented by pre-exposing cells to the iron-chelator, desferrioxamine (DFO), whereas it is augmented by pretreating the cells with a low molecular weight iron complex. Since both DFO and the iron complex would be taken up by endocytosis, and thus directed to the lysosomal compartment, the results suggest that the normal contents of lysosomal low molecular weight iron may play an important role in oxLDL-induced cell damage, presumably by catalyzing intralysosomal fragmentation of lipid peroxides and the formation of toxic aldehydes and oxygen-centered radicals.