甲型流感病毒自然温度敏感株的宿主依赖性

用鸡胚细胞(CEC)和Madin-Darby Canine Kidney(MDCK)两个宿主细胞系统,检查甲型流感病毒各亚型不同时期流行株的温度敏感性状(ts),发现自然界存在许多宿主依赖的温度敏感性突变株(hd-ts)。它们在CEC上是ts,在MDCK上却是ts~ 。检出的hd-ts株中有些曾经过人体接种观察证明为减毒株。这表明在CEC中鉴定的ts表型与对人减毒性状密切相关。     

土壤中含EB病毒诱导物的检测

从广西壮族自治区梧州市、苍梧县、罗城县和北京市收集的土壤标本中发现有EB病毒诱导物。梧州市和苍梧县沿公路和江河两旁桐油树下的土壤标本,对EB病毒早期抗原诱导的阳性率为40～58％。在其他大戟科植物下的土壤标本中,也发现有EB病毒诱导物。对桐油树下土壤中EB病毒诱导物与鼻咽癌发生的可能关系进行了讨论。     

MSI2通过下调circRNA_001214促进急性髓系白血病细胞HL60生长

Musashi-2（MSI2）是一种RNA结合蛋白质,对维持造血干细胞功能具有重要作用。研究表明,MSI2高表达能促进急性髓系白血病（acute myelocytic leukemia, AML）进展,但其作用机制尚不明确。本研究稳定沉默HL60细胞MSI2后,第1、2、3、4 d对照组的相对细胞生长率分别为1.931 ± 0.027、3.070 ± 0.073、4.017 ± 0.092和4.215 ± 0.246;敲减组分别为1.927 ± 0.035、2.564 ± 0.090、2.825 ± 0.097和3.223 ± 0.182,两组相比具有统计学差异,P<0.001;细胞凋亡明显增加(7.967% ± 0.698% vs 3.400% ± 0.322%., P<0.01);G₀/G₁期细胞比例明显增高（67.430% ± 4.390% vs. 50.360% ± 2.160%, P<0.01）;NUMB蛋白明显上调,LEF1明显下降。环状RNA（circular RNA, circRNA）芯片筛选和荧光定量PCR验证显示,MSI2沉默组circRNA_001214表达水平是对照组3.48倍。这一结果也在NALM6细胞得到证实。进一步用生物信息学分析,显示circRNA_001214最可能与miR-1273a、miR-1273e和miR 5095结合,进而影响参与细胞凋亡相关基因（CYCS、AKT1、BAX、TNFRSF10A、TNFRSF10D）、Wnt信号基因（WNT4、WNT2B、WNT7B、 DKK2、SFRP1、CSNKE1和LEF1）以及参与细胞代谢相关基因（RPE, PGAM4, PGAM1, TAT, CBS、RPE、SUCLG2、PGAM4、PGAM1和 IDNK）。总而言之,MSI2可能通过干扰circRNA_001214生成,减少靶miRNA对凋亡、Wnt信号及细胞代谢相关基因表达的影响,促进细胞生长。     

抗胃癌细胞系单克隆抗体PD4的初步研究

以胃癌细胞系MGC803免疫Balb/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞NS-1融合。经选择培养、筛选及克隆化,获得恒定地分泌抗胃癌细胞系单克隆抗体(MoAb)的杂交瘤细胞系PD4。MoAb PD4与3/4胃癌细胞系有强结合反应,与4/4肺癌细胞系有弱结合反应,但与淋巴细胞、ABO红细胞、骨髓细胞、二倍体成纤维细胞及经检测的其他肿瘤细胞均无反应。PD4抗原主要表达于靶细胞的膜上,不耐热,为分子量40kD的蛋白性抗原。该抗原与HLA抗原系统,血型抗原系统无关,亦不同于其他作者所报告的其他胃癌相关抗原。     

肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员在免疫系统和疾病中的研究

肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, TNFRSF) 是细胞因子受体的一个蛋白质超家族,其显著特征是通过细胞外富含半胱氨酸结构域结合肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)。肿瘤坏死因子受体(tumor necrosis factor receptors,TNFRs)是古老的细胞因子,TNFRs同源基因最早可追溯到节肢动物果蝇中。TNFRs在炎症反应、细胞凋亡、淋巴细胞稳态和组织发育中发挥重要的作用,TNFRs最主要的功能是与免疫系统相关。鉴于其在免疫系统中发挥重要的作用,肿瘤坏死因子受体家族成员已成为治疗糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、骨质疏松、自身免疫性疾病、移植排斥反应和癌症等人类疾病的靶点。随着科学技术发展,关于TNFRs的功能有了新的进展,在无脊椎动物和低等脊椎动物中已经有大量报道。在本篇综述中,主要总结了在高等哺乳动物中发现的29种TNFR成员的相关报道,包括8种死亡受体和21种非死亡受体,主要涉及在免疫系统以及与疾病相关领域的研究。大多数研究处于基础实验阶段,少数走向临床研究的案例取得的临床效果并不理想,靶向设计针对自身免疫性疾病、炎症和肿瘤疾病的治疗方案需要更深入的理解TNFRs功能。本文旨在对TNFRs成员发挥的功能有进一步的认识。     

七鳃鳗p38α和β参与LPS介导的VLRB类淋巴细胞亚群的免疫应答反应

p38MAPK是丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen activated protein kinases,MAPK）家族的一个亚类,在高等脊椎动物免疫应答的信号转导过程中扮演着非常重要的角色。在日本七鳃鳗（Lampetra japonica）中发现,p38MAPK以两种异构体的形式存在。通过克隆它们的开放阅读框并进行同源序列比对和系统发育分析,鉴定它们分别为p38α（Lja-mapk14）和p38β（Lja-mapk11）。用混合菌刺激七鳃鳗,利用免疫印迹方法,检测Lja-mapk14在外周血类淋巴细胞、鳃组织和髓样小体中,分别在加强免疫36 h、24 h和24 h后,表达量达到峰值,分别为对照组的2.9、2.1和2.6倍;而Lja-mapk11在以上组织中,都在加强免疫36 h后达到表达量峰值,分别为对照组的2.2、2.5和6.3倍。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,Lja-mapk14的mRNA表达水平在混合菌加强免疫36 h后,分别在类淋巴细胞、鳃组织和髓样小体中,上调2.3、1.5和3.4倍;而Lja-mapk11的则分别在类淋巴细胞、鳃组织和心肌中,上调1.3、2.6和1.6倍。以上结果在mRNA和蛋白质水平证明,Lja-mapk14和Lja-mapk11均参与七鳃鳗的免疫应答反应。采用B细胞和T细胞丝裂原LPS和PHA分别对七鳃鳗进行刺激,免疫印迹结果显示,Lja-mapk14和Lja-mapk11蛋白质表达量经LPS加强免疫36 h后,在类淋巴细胞、鳃组织和髓样小体中,上调表达1.3 ～ 4.1倍;而经PHA加强免疫36 h后,Lja-mapk14和Lja-mapk11在上述组织中表达量均不存在显著变化。以上结果说明,Lja-mapk14和Lja-mapk11可能参与了B细胞丝裂原LPS介导的VLRB类淋巴细胞亚群的免疫应答反应。     

immunocytochemical localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in lewis lung carcinoma

The invasively growing and metasizing Lewis lung carcinoma consistently contained urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) enzyme activity. When investigated immunocytochemically with antibodies against u-PA, different parts of individual tumors showed a pronounced heterogeneity in staining intensity. Strong staining was found in areas with invasive growth and degradation of surrounding normal tissue, while other areas were completely devoid of staining. Immunoreactivity occurred both with a perinuclear cytoplasmic localization in tumor cells and associated with apparently extracellular material. SDS PAGE of tumor extracts, under both reducing and nonreducing conditions, followed by immunoblotting, showed only one immunocytochemically stainable band with an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to that of purified proenzyme to u-PA, while no two-chain u-PA was detected. This indicates that the major part of the activator in Lewis lung carcinoma is present as one-chain pro-u-PA.     

Electron microscopy and hydrodynamic properties of blood clotting factor V and activation fragments of factor V with phospholipid vesicles

The electron microscopic and hydrodynamic properties of factor V and factor Va-vesicle complexes were determined. Images of negatively stained factor V bound to vesicles showed the protein as a relatively large globular domain (9.5 nm diameter) connected to the membrane through a narrow protein region 0.5-3 nm in length. This connecting region was not always visible and was measured as the distance between the globular region and the apparent vesicle edge. Factor V protein alone usually appeared as two connected globular regions of 10.2 and 6.5 nm diameter. The two-domain protein structure appeared consistent with both the image of factor V alone and bound to the membrane. Factor V had no biological activity in a phospholipid-free prothrombinase assay system used. The proteolytically activated form of factor V generated by digestion with thrombin (factor Va) was at least 30,000 times more active. The electron microscopic images of factor Va-vesicle complexes showed a smaller protein that was more closely associated with the vesicle surface than was factor V. The light chain (Mr about 80,000) component of factor Va also bound to the surface of the vesicles and appeared to be largely external to the membrane. Protein-induced hydrodynamic radius changes for the factor V-vesicle and factor Va-vesicle complexes were 12.8 and 6.3 nm, respectively. The images observed in the electron microscope were used to calculate protein-induced radius changes. Comparison of these values with the experimentally determined hydrodynamic radius changes showed approximate agreement for factor Va-membrane complexes. However, the images of factor V-vesicle complexes suggested smaller hydrodynamic radius changes than were actually observed.     

国内首见三株棘状外瓶霉的研究

作者研究了国内首见的三株棘状外瓶霉[Exophiala spinifera(Nielsen et Conant)McGinms],观察了菌落形态,研究了此菌在光学显微镜下和扫描电镜下的特点,并作了外抗原试验。在光学显微镜下,本菌有暗色长棘状的分生孢子梗。在扫描电镜下,有很长的环痕梗,其尖端的环痕数目可达30个以上。有的环痕梗和甄氏外瓶霉[Exophiala jeanselmei(Langeron)McGinnis et Padhye]的环痕梗很相似。有些酵母样细胞上也可产生短的环痕产孢尖端。有一株菌的产孢细胞顶端有几个突起的环痕产孢尖端,呈假单轴性排列。另一株菌产生瓶梗。因此考虑此菌是一种多形性真菌。外抗原试验,一株菌符合棘状外瓶霉,另二株菌符合外瓶霉。     

水分胁迫下露花光合型的转变

CAM植物按其对环境的反应可分为两种类型:即专一CAM植物和兼性CAM植物。前者不易受外界环境的变化而改变其CAM性质;后者的光合型可随季节和水分胁迫等而发生变化,也可因人工诱导作用而使其由C_3型转变为CAM型。