Total HIV/AIDS Expenditures in Dehong Prefecture,Yunnan Province in 2010: The First Systematic Evaluation of Both Health and Non-Health Related HIV/AIDS Expenditures in China

Objective

We assessed HIV/AIDS expenditures in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, one of the highest prevalence regions in China, and describe funding sources and spending for different categories of HIV-related interventions and at-risk populations.

Methods

2010 HIV/AIDS expenditures in Dehong Prefecture were evaluated based on UNAIDS’ National AIDS Spending Assessment methodology.

Results

Nearly 93% of total expenditures for HIV/AIDS was contributed by public sources. Of total expenditures, 52.7% was allocated to treatment and care, 24.5% to program management and administration and 19.8% to prevention. Spending on treatment and care was primarily allocated to the treatment of opportunistic infections. Most (40.4%) prevention spending was concentrated on most-at-risk populations, injection drug users (IDUs), sex workers, and men who have sex with men (MSM), with 5.5% allocated to voluntary counseling and testing. Prevention funding allocated for MSM, partners of people living with HIV and prisoners and other confined populations was low compared to the disproportionate burden of HIV/AIDS in these populations. Overall, people living with HIV accounted for 57.57% of total expenditures, while most-at-risk populations accounted for only 7.99%.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated the applicability of NASA for tracking and assessing HIV expenditure in the context of China, it proved to be a useful tool in understanding national HIV/AIDS response from financial aspect, and to assess the extent to which HIV expenditure matches epidemic patterns. Limited funding for primary prevention and prevention for MSM, prisoners and partners of people living with HIV, signal that resource allocation to these key areas must be strengthened. Comprehensive analyses of regional and national funding strategies are needed to inform more equitable, effective and cost-effective HIV/AIDS resource allocation.     

植物叶片化石气孔参数与古海拔定量重建: 方法与进展

古海拔的定量重建在推演地球动力学模型、大气循环模式、古气候变化以及地球化学循环过程方面都具有十分重要的作用,但是迄今为止在古植物学和古环境研究领域中古海拔的定量重建仍然存在许多难点。本文在介绍目前古海拔定量重建领域几种方法的基础上,重点对植物叶片化石气孔参数及其应用与进展进行了讨论,着重介绍:(1)如何利用植物叶片化石气孔参数法恢复古海拔;(2)方法实践过程中的误差来源与分析;(3)应用实例及展望。     

室内外评价在黄淮海夏玉米区释放玉米螟赤眼蜂防治亚洲玉米螟的可行性

为了评价在黄淮海夏玉米区释放米蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae防治亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis的可行性,本试验在室内组建了玉米螟赤眼蜂在亚洲玉米螟卵上的实验种群生命表的基础上,在河南省鹤壁市滑县测定了玉米螟赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟的防治效果,筛选出了具有较好防治效果的释放密度和释放方法。结果显示,米蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂在亚洲玉米螟卵上的净生殖力R0为9.8240,单雌平均产雌率R0'为12.6256,2013年在河南省鹤壁市滑县释放玉米螟赤眼蜂能使亚洲玉米螟虫口密度减退73.91%,释放密度为2.25×105头/hm2。2014年在鹤壁市淇滨区钜桥镇采用传统的人工挂卡和新型的无人机释放玉米螟赤眼蜂,亚洲玉米螟虫口密度减退54.55%-68.16%。结果表明,在黄淮海夏玉米区释放米蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂防治玉米螟是可行的。     

台湾和日本拟步甲在纬度分布上的比较研究

台湾和日本处在不同的地理纬度上,同属岛屿海洋性气候,前者地域面积远小于后者,拟步甲的物种多样性却大于后者。为弄清楚这些科学问题,作者采用G-F指数对从台湾到日本不同纬度梯度上的拟步甲多样性分布格局进行了比较分析,得到如下初步结论：(1) G-F指数从大到小依次是：台湾(21°N-25°N)(0．826)>日本(24°N-45°N)(0．824)>日本Ⅱ纬度区(30°N-35°N)(0．792)>日本Ⅰ纬度区(24°N-30°N)(0．765)>日本Ⅲ纬度区(35°N-40°N)(0．761)>日本Ⅳ纬度区(40°N-45°N)(0．603);(2)台湾拟步甲属的多样性(DG)、族的多样性(DF)和G-F指数(DG-F)均最高,分别是4．263、24．464和0．826;(3)各纬度上拟步甲的物种分布情况：台湾(21°N-25°N)(541种)>日本(24°N-45°N)(489种)>日本Ⅰ纬度区(24°N-30°N)(257种)>日本Ⅱ纬度区(30° N-35° N)(231种)>日本Ⅲ纬度区(35° N-40° N)(172种)>日本Ⅳ纬度区(40° N-45° N)(60种)。研究数据显示, G-F指数能较好地反映台湾和日本各地拟步甲族、属的多样性。其物种多样性在纬度上的分布表现为从南向北递减的趋势,并对其基本原因进行分析。作者首次基于台湾和日本两个岛屿拟步甲物种多样性的比较分析,对现有岛屿生物多样性的有关理论提出个人看法,认为岛屿生物地理学的“物种-面积关系理论”中的“岛屿面积越大,物种数量就越多”可能存在一定的局限性,不一定能客观地反映种类众多的现生岛屿昆虫物种多样性的实际情况。     

Common Metal-Dielectric-Metal Nanocavities for Multispectral Narrowband Light Absorption

We present a method to theoretically achieve multispectral narrowband light absorption in common metal-dielectric-metal nanocavities. Polarization-independent and wide-angle multi-band light absorption with absorbance up to 99 % is achieved owing to the excitation of multiple localized plasmon cavity modes. Strong interactions between plasmon resonances and photonic modes are further introduced for achieving sharp absorption spectrum with sub-10-nm bandwidth via a high-index dielectric spacer with a thickness exceeding λ/2. These findings can offer new perspectives for multispectral nano-optics devices including perfect light absorbers and subtractive polychromatic filters.     

Subradiant,Superradiant Plasmon Modes and Fano Resonance in a Multilayer Nanocylinder Array Standing on a Thin Metal Film

The optical properties of a novel nanostructure consisting of a hexagonal array of aligned vertically three-layered metal-dielectric-metal nanodisks on a silver film are theoretically studied through the finite-difference time-domain method. The novel nanostructure exhibits three obvious optical transmission bands due to the excitation of subradiant plasmon modes, superradiant plasmon modes, and Fano resonances. Surface plasmon polaritons of the underlying Ag film also play a significant role on these three optical transmission bands via coupling with localized surface plasmons of nanodisk pairs. Moreover, the nanostructure also exhibits a good tunability of optical response by modifying the sizes of cylinders, the thickness of underlying metal film, and the dielectric constant of middle layer. These results demonstrate the nanostructure with great advantages in optical sensors and filters.

     

基于SSR标记的陆地棉早熟相关种质遗传多样性分析

丰富的遗传变异对于提高作物的环境适应性和遗传改良进度至关重要。为了解我国早熟陆地棉种质资源遗传多样性,本研究利用136对SSR引物对186份陆地棉材料(96份早熟陆地棉材料和90份中、晚熟陆地棉材料)进行了遗传多样性分析,共检测到等位基因变异355个,平均2.61个。在早熟棉材料中,有134对多态性SSR引物扩增出341个条带,平均2.54个;中、晚熟材料中有133对多态性SSR引物,扩增出345个条带,平均2.59个。早熟棉材料的位点多态性信息含量(PIC)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、基因型多样性(H')分别为0.684、3.994和1.361;中、晚熟棉材料的PIC、Ne、H'分别为0.668、3.852和1.343。早熟棉材料和中、晚熟棉材料的Jaccard相似性系数分别在0.349~0.935和0.270~0.907之间,平均为0.635、0.666。遗传相似性系数总体平均值接近,但早熟棉变化范围较中、晚熟棉小。用类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类可将186份材料分成2个类群。总体上来看,供试材料遗传相似性系数较高,说明我国陆地棉早熟相关种质遗传基础狭窄。本研究结果为早熟棉育种亲本选配,早熟棉种质创新提供依据。     

吕梁山区3种人工林植被、凋落物生物量差异特征及其与土壤养分的关系

通过样地调查和土壤样品采集分析的方法,测定了山杨、油松和辽东栎3种人工林林下植被(灌木、草本)的活地被的生物量以及地表凋落物的生物量和土壤养分的总概况,并探讨了它们之间的相关性。结果表明:活地被生物量表现为油松2.354 7 t·hm~(-2)山杨2.078 5 t·hm~(-2)辽东栎1.137 3 t·hm~(-2),地表凋落物生物量山杨4.797 5 t·hm~(-2)辽东栎2.139 9 t·hm~(-2)油松0.525 0 t·hm~(-2);林下土壤分级指标结果:有机质、全磷均呈现4~5级标准,全氮为1~3级标准;林下土壤养分含量分析比较结果:有机质含量为山杨辽东栎油松,而全氮和全磷为山杨油松辽东栎;同时分析了土壤全量养分与各林分下活地被生物量、凋落物层生物量之间的相关性,结果表明:3种人工林的3种全量养分与活地被生物量、凋落物生物量均呈现极显著相关(P0.01),同时3种林分的土壤全量养分间相关性显著(P0.05),表现出良好的协同效应。     

高强度聚焦超声在药物控制释放的应用及进展

高强度聚焦超声能够以一种非侵入性的方式有效地穿透身体内部组织,聚焦在深层组织中一个很小的空间区域内,产生很强的声能,这些能量被组织吸收引起局部温度的升高。当温度到达热敏脂质体的相变温度时,磷脂烷基链构象的会发生改变,导致脂质体的通透性增强,从而能够促进药物的释放。因此,高强度聚焦超声可以被用作外源刺激控制体内特定位置热敏脂质体的药物释放。本文对高强度聚焦超声在药物控制释放领域的应用及进展进行综述。     

妊娠相关脑卒中39 例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠相关脑卒中的发病原因、临床表现、母婴结局、治疗及预防措施。方法:回顾性分析2001年1月-2013年12月我院共收治的妊娠相关脑卒中39例患者的临床资料。结果:39例患者中,发生在妊娠期21例,产褥期18例。经电子计算机断层扫描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)、磁共振动脉血管造影(MRA)、磁共振脑静脉血管成像(MRV)、数字减影血管造影术(DSA)和腰椎穿刺等检查明确诊断,诊断出血性脑卒中7例,脑梗死3例,脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)29例,均给予相应的抢救及治疗。16例早期、中期妊娠患者行人工流产术或利凡诺羊膜腔内注射穿刺引产终止妊娠,5例患者行剖宫产终止妊娠。患者治愈出院15例,6例死亡,14例遗留不同程度的肢体活动障碍或语言障碍,家属放弃治疗出院4例。结论:妊娠相关脑卒中危险因素主要包括子痫前期、心源性栓塞、脑血管畸形、脑动脉瘤、水电解质紊乱等代谢障碍性疾病及产褥感染等。其发病急、病死率高,故需提高对本病的认识,定期产前检查,及时发现高危因素,早诊断及时治疗,选择适当的时机及方式终止妊娠是改善妊娠相关脑卒中患者预后的关键。