不同生育期土壤基质势调控对棉花生长和土壤水盐分布的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺和棉田土壤盐碱化问题,研究不同生育期土壤基质势调控对棉花生长和土壤水盐的影响,为棉田节水控盐和高效生产提供理论依据。通过大田膜下滴灌试验,以棉花灌水时期滴头下方20 cm处土壤基质势下限控制水平-50 kPa为对照(CK),在棉花的苗期(A)、苗期+蕾期(B)、苗期+蕾期+花铃期(C)设置3个基于土壤基质势下限的灌溉水平:W₁(-20 kPa)、W₂(-30 kPa)和W₃(-40 kPa),测定棉花生长、地上干物质量、产量和土壤水盐分布等指标。结果表明:不同生育期土壤基质势调控时,株高、叶面积指数和地上干物质量均表现为:WC>WB>WA>CK;不同土壤基质势水平调控时,随着土壤基质势下限的提高,株高、叶面积指数和地上干物质量也随之增加,其中,W₁C和W₂C处理显著高于其他处理。有效铃数、单铃重和衣分等产量构成要素均随着土壤基质势下限的升高而增加。W₁C和W₂C处理棉花的产量基本一致且显著高于其他处理,W₂C的水分利用效率显著高于W₁C处理。不同生育期土壤基质势均控制在-20或-30 kPa可以改善棉花主根区水分状况。各处理在收获期均表现为浅层积盐(0～40 cm),且膜外大于膜内;土壤基质势越高,膜内主根区(0～40 cm)积盐越少,其中W₁C和W₂C较其他处理减少24%。综合考虑高效生产和节水控盐,建议将当地休作期未淋洗棉田灌水时期土壤基质势控制在-30 kPa为宜。     

Patterns of protein synthesis and accumulation during oogenesis in the polychaete,Pseudopotamilla occelata Moore

Summary

Proteins synthesized and accumulated during oogenesis or Pseudopotamilla occelata were analyzed by two-dimensional Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Significant changes in the patterns of synthesis and accumulation occur during oogenesis, paticularly between previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages, although many of the proteins are represented throughout the process. The changes may be generally dependent upon the variation in the gene expression affecting autosynthesis of proteins. However, appearance of proteins, which occur only at the vitellogenic stages but apparently not synthesized within the oocytes, indicates that heterosynthetic proteins are stage-specifically transported into oocytes.     

Arabidopsis ROP‐interactive CRIB motif‐containing protein 1 (RIC1) positively regulates auxin signalling and negatively regulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling during root development

Auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) modulate numerous aspects of plant development together, mostly in opposite directions, suggesting that extensive crosstalk occurs between the signalling pathways of the two hormones. However, little is known about the nature of this crosstalk. We demonstrate that ROP‐interactive CRIB motif‐containing protein 1 (RIC1) is involved in the interaction between auxin‐ and ABA‐regulated root growth and lateral root formation. RIC1 expression is highly induced by both hormones, and expressed in the roots of young seedlings. Whereas auxin‐responsive gene induction and the effect of auxin on root growth and lateral root formation were suppressed in the ric1 knockout, ABA‐responsive gene induction and the effect of ABA on seed germination, root growth and lateral root formation were potentiated. Thus, RIC1 positively regulates auxin responses, but negatively regulates ABA responses. Together, our results suggest that RIC1 is a component of the intricate signalling network that underlies auxin and ABA crosstalk.     

Relative roles of dispersal dynamics and competition in determining the isotopic niche breadth of a wetland fish

1. The niche variation hypothesis predicts that among‐individual variation in niche use will increase in the presence of intraspecific competition and decrease in the presence of interspecific competition. We sought to determine whether the local isotopic niche breadth of fish inhabiting a wetland was best explained by competition for resources and the niche variation hypothesis, by dispersal of individuals from locations with different prey resources or by a combination of the two. We analysed stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen as indices of feeding niche and compared metrics of within‐site spread to characterise site‐level isotopic niche breadth. We then evaluated the explanatory power of competing models of the direct and indirect effects of several environmental variables spanning gradients of disturbance, competition strength and food availability on among‐individual variation of the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). 2. The Dispersal model posits that only the direct effect of disturbance (i.e. changes in water level known to induce fish movement) influences among‐individual variation in isotopic niche. The Partitioning model allows for only direct effects of local food availability on among‐individual variation. The Combined model allows for both hypotheses by including the direct effects of disturbance and food availability. 3. A linear regression of the Combined model described more variance than models limited to the variables of either the Dispersal or Partitioning models. Of the independent variables considered, the food availability variable (per cent edible periphyton) explained the most variation in isotopic niche breadth, followed closely by the disturbance variable (days since last drying event). 4. Structural equation modelling provided further evidence that the Combined model was best supported by the data, with the Partitioning and the Dispersal models only modestly less informative. Again, the per cent edible periphyton was the variable with the largest direct effect on niche variability, with other food availability variables and the disturbance variable only slightly less important. Indirect effects of heterospecific and conspecific competitor densities were also important, through their effects on prey density. 5. Our results support the Combined hypotheses, although partitioning mechanisms appear to explain the most diet variation among individuals in the eastern mosquitofish. The results also support some predictions of the niche variation hypothesis, although both conspecific and interspecific competition appeared to increase isotopic niche breadth in contrast to predictions that interspecific competition would decrease it. We think this resulted from high diet overlap of co‐occurring species, most of which consume similar macroinvertebrates.     

最优管理下野生动物资源最优控制模型构建与分析

对野生动物资源的开发合理而适度,在其保护与可持续开发间寻找契合的平衡点,实现最优管理,不仅是当前保护管理的重要问题,也涉及到多个产业部门的生存发展。本研究通过对资源模型构建与应用的理论基础进行探讨,从资源最优管理目标出发建立野生动物最优控制模型,寻求长期收益最大化,并结合研究所拟定的资源分类情况进行个案探讨,为下一步大规模搜集相关数据进行模拟实证奠定基础。     

CHANGES IN CLICK SOURCE LEVELS WITH DISTANCE TO TARGETS: STUDIES OF FREE-RANGING WHITE-BEAKED DOLPHINS LAGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS AND CAPTIVE HARBOUR PORPOISES PHOCOENA PHOCOENA

ABSTRACT

Probably all odontocetes use echolocation for spatial orientation and detection of prey. We used a four hydrophone “Y” array to record the high frequency clicks from free-ranging White-beaked Dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris and captive Harbour Porpoises Phocoena phocoena. From the recordings we calculated distances to the animals and source levels of the clicks. The recordings from White-beaked Dolphins were made in Iceland and those from Harbour Porpoises at Fjord & Baelt, Kerteminde, Denmark during prey capture. We used stringent criteria to determine which clicks could be defined as being on the acoustic axis. Two dolphin and nine porpoise click series could be used to track individual animals, which presumably focused on the array hydrophones or a fish right in front of the array. The apparent source levels of clicks in the individual tracks increased with range. One individual White-beaked Dolphin and three Harbour Porpoises regulate their output signal level to nearly compensate for one-way transmission loss while approaching a target. The other dolphin regulated the output differently. For most of the recordings the sound level at the target remains nearly constant and the echo level at the animal increases as it closes on the target.     

Proper autophagy is indispensable for angiogenesis during chick embryo development

People have known that autophagy plays a very important role in many physiological and pathological events. But the role of autophagy on embryonic angiogenesis still remains obscure. In this study, we demonstrated that Atg7, Atg8 and Beclin1 were expressed in the plexus vessels of angiogenesis at chick yolk sac membrane and chorioallantoic membrane. Interfering in autophagy with autophagy inducer or inhibitor could restrict the angiogenesis in vivo, which might be driven by the disorder of angiogenesis-related gene expressions, and also lead to embryonic hemorrhage, which was due to imperfection cell junctions in endothelial cells including abnormal expressions of tight junction, adheren junction and desmosome genes. Using HUVECs, we revealed that cell viability and migration ability changed with the alteration of cell autophagy exposed to RAPA or 3-MA. Interestingly, tube formation assay showed that HUVECs ability of tube formation altered with the change of Atg5, Atg7 and Atg8 manipulated by the transfection of their corresponding siRNA or plasmids. Moreover, the lost cell polarity labeled by F-actin and the absenced β-catenin in RAPA-treated and 3-MA-treated cell membrane implied intracellular cytoskeleton alteration was induced by the activation and depression of autophagy. Taken together, our current experimental data reveal that autophagy is really involved in regulating angiogenesis during embryo development.     

内固定与关节置换手术治疗骨质疏松性髋部骨折的临床效果及术后并发症的影响因素分析

目的:分析内固定与关节置换手术治疗骨质疏松性髋部骨折的临床效果及其术后并发症的影响因素。方法:将2017年4月至2018年5月因骨质疏松性髋部骨折于我院进行手术治疗的78例患者作为研究对象,参考患者自身意愿按照采取手术方案的不同将所有患者分为内固定组与关节置换组。内固定组主要采用动力髋螺钉内固定治疗;关节置换组采用全髋关节置换术治疗。对比分析两组治疗后并发症的发生情况及关节功能恢复程度。结果:关节置换组手术治疗后关节功能的恢复情况显著优于内固定组(P0.05),术后并发症发生率低于内固定组(P0.05);患者术后并发症发生的主要影响因素包括:术前存在合并症、手术时机≥2h、采用内固定手术。结论:与内固定术相比,关节置换手术治疗骨质疏松性髋部骨折患者的疗效和安全性均更高,但采用该手术治疗时需注意手术操作的规范性及手术时机。     

Characterization of polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica)

Nine tetrarepeat microsatellite loci for Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) were characterized. By using 35 individuals of unknown relationship collected from Taiwan, we evaluated the polymorphism of these loci. The number of alleles for each locus ranged from five to 12 (mean = 8.78 alleles) and the observed heterozygosity from 0.429 to 0.962 (mean = 0.688) and all loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectation.