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Summary Female ticks of the family Ixodidae utilize their salivary glands as the major organs for fluid balance, secreting back into the host a dilute saliva. Feeding is composed of three phases: a preparatory phase (1–2 days) during which the tick establishes the feeding lesion, a slow phase (~7 days) during which body weight increases 10-fold, and a rapid phase (~1 day) in which body weight increases a further 10-fold. Following engorgement, the salivary glands are resorbed by an autolytic process triggered by an ecdysteroid hormone. If a female is removed from the host prior to repletion, her subsequent behaviour depends mostly on two factors: the degree of engorgement achieved and whether or not she has mated. If removed during the preparatory or slow phase of engorgement, the salivary glands are not resorbed, the tick will lay virtually no eggs and she will reattach to a host if given the opportunity, all of this irrespective of whether she is virgin or mated. If removed during the rapid phase of engorgement, however, mated females will not reattach to a host even if given the opportunity. Instead, they will resorb the salivary glands within 4 days post-removal and lay a batch of eggs. Virgin females removed after exceeding 10-fold the unfed weight likewise refuse to resume feeding if given the opportunity, but salivary gland reabsorption is delayed (to 8 days post-removal); if any eggs are laid, they are infertile. A number of chemical “factors” entering the female during copulation influence her feeding behaviour and egg development. Here we discuss the complexities of these interactions and suggest how they might be adaptive to ticks in nature. 相似文献
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J. A. LEE R. BAXTER M. J. EMES 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1990,104(1-3):255-265
The responses of Sphagnum species to atmospheric pollution by sulphur and nitrogen oxides are reviewed. An explanation of the tolerance of sulphur dioxide in Sphagnum cuspidatum is provided. This involves an exclusion mechanism by the oxidation of bisulphite ions to less toxic sulphate ions catalysed by the presence of iron and possibly other metals on the cell wall cation-exchange sites. Tolerance is influenced by changing the iron content of the plants. A similar mechanism may account for sulphur dioxide tolerance in Sphagnum recurvum.
Evidence for a close coupling of nitrate assimilation with the atmospheric nitrogen supply in ombrotrophic Sphagnum species in unpolluted regions is reviewed, and this coupling is shown to be lost in polluted environments with high atmospheric nitrogen supply. The potential effects of a supra-optimal atmospheric nitrogen supply to Sphagnum species on the ecology of mires is discussed.
The effects of nitrogen and sulphur pollutants on Sphagnum species are used to make broad generalizations as to how other bryophyte species might respond to these pollutants and to explain known effects of atmospheric pollution on bryophyte communities. 相似文献
Evidence for a close coupling of nitrate assimilation with the atmospheric nitrogen supply in ombrotrophic Sphagnum species in unpolluted regions is reviewed, and this coupling is shown to be lost in polluted environments with high atmospheric nitrogen supply. The potential effects of a supra-optimal atmospheric nitrogen supply to Sphagnum species on the ecology of mires is discussed.
The effects of nitrogen and sulphur pollutants on Sphagnum species are used to make broad generalizations as to how other bryophyte species might respond to these pollutants and to explain known effects of atmospheric pollution on bryophyte communities. 相似文献
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