青甘韭花叶开发利用现状与营养品质分析

对产于西藏的青甘韭就其花叶的开发利用现状进行了介绍,并对芳香物质与常规营养品质进行了测试分析。结果表明:(1)产地农牧民将青甘韭在花期采收地上部(包括叶与花)砸碎阴干处理后作为佐料食用。(2)青甘韭具有一定观赏价值,可在花镜、花坛、专题园、林下(作为地被)、假山等景观中应用。(3)青甘韭花和叶中芳香物质含量差异非常明显,在花中检测到23种芳香物质,可分为7大类;在叶中检测到8种芳香物质,可分为3大类;花和叶中共有芳香物质为丙醛、乙醚、二甲基二硫化物、二丙基二硫化物4种,除二甲基二硫化物相对含量在花和叶中比较接近外,其他3种差异巨大。VC、可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白质含量均是花高于叶,花中含量分别是叶中的1.4倍、2.4倍和7.4倍,且均呈极显著差异。     

高效构建卵清白蛋白scFv噬菌体文库及其筛选

目的:建立一种高效噬菌体文库构建方法,获得抗鸡卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)的单链抗体(scFv)噬菌体展示文库,筛选鉴定获得OVA单链抗体。方法:用OVA蛋白免疫Balb/C小鼠,选取血清抗体效价高的小鼠提取脾脏RNA,利用RT-PCR方法扩增获得小鼠重链和小鼠轻链基因。通过无缝连接酶一步将小鼠重链基因、轻链基因和linker DNA连接起来,插入噬菌体表达载体中,构建OVA scFv噬菌体展示文库。测定文库容量,对文库进行富集筛选,ELISA鉴定阳性克隆,测序后构建真核表达载体,转入Expi-CHO悬浮细胞进行真核表达,利用Western blot进行鉴定。结果:成功获得库容量为1. 2×10~7cfu的OVA scFv噬菌体展示文库,并从中筛选出8个阳性克隆,选取效价最高的2号克隆,在Expi-CHO悬浮细胞中表达获得可溶性抗体。结论:建立了一种高效构建scFv噬菌体文库的方法,筛选获得高结合活性的OVA单链抗体,并成功进行了真核表达,为OVA ELISA检测试剂盒的研制奠定了基础。     

野生酸枣光合及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

为探究鲁中地区自然条件下野生酸枣光合生理参数对土壤逐渐干旱的响应机制,明确其与土壤水分的定量关系。该研究以2年生野生酸枣盆栽苗为实验材料,采用人工给水和自然耗水相结合法模拟自然条件下土壤干旱过程,分析野生酸枣叶片光合作用和荧光参数对土壤水分含量(RWC)的响应过程及其机制。结果表明:(1)野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)均随着土壤含水量的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。当RWC38.5%时,P_n下降,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)上升,气孔限制值(L_s)下降,叶片光合速率下降主要是非气孔限制因素所致;当RWC在38.5%~65.1%范围内,野生酸枣P_n下降,伴随C_i、气孔导度(G_s)均降低,野生酸枣叶片光合速率下降处于气孔限制阶段。(2)通过P_n和WUE对土壤水分的阈值模拟,发现维持野生酸枣叶片具有较高光合生产力的土壤水分范围为46.0%~0.5%,维持其较高水分利用效率的水分范围为56.3%~73.9%。(3)在土壤逐渐干旱过程中(RWC范围为29.9%~86.5%),野生酸枣最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)逐渐降低,初始荧光(Fo)显著升高,光化学猝灭(qP)先升高再降低,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)在过高(RWC83.7%)或过低(RWC38.5%)的土壤水分下呈现较高值,表现出热耗散增加。研究认为,野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤水分均具有明显的阈值响应,阈值点的土壤相对含水量大约为38.5%,低于阈值时叶片光合速率由气孔限制转向非气孔限制,PSⅡ受到损伤,电子传递受阻,光合机构受到破坏。     

鲸偶蹄目核糖核酸酶10基因的分子进化研究

核糖核酸酶10由RNase10序列编码,是脊椎动物特有的生殖酶,其研究主要集中在生理功能,系统的分子进化研究相对甚少。本文,我们基于24个鲸偶蹄目代表物种的基因组分析,共获得26条RNase10序列。在偶蹄目的印度水牛和野猪中首次检测到RNase10发生基因复制,而其它22个物种均为单个基因。系统发育分析揭示鲸目的齿鲸亚目和须鲸亚目形成单系;偶蹄目的反刍亚目最先分歧,猪次目和胼足亚目形成单系。具有核糖核酸酶活性的保守功能区“CKXXNTF”发生了改变,等电点显著低于RNASE A的典型成员,揭示鲸偶蹄目RNase10可能丢失了RNASE A具有的核糖核酸活性和抗菌活性。另外,选择压力分析共检测到13个正选择位点,其中2个位点在结构半胱氨酸附近。总之,我们基于基因组分析深入揭示了鲸偶蹄目RNase10的分子进化机制,解开了鲸偶蹄目RNase10的分子进化之谜,为今后开展RNase10功能研究奠定了理论基础。     

Sex Determination and Sex Ratios in Crocodylus palustris

Incubation temperature determines sex in the mugger crocodile,Crocodylus palustris. Exclusively females are produced at constanttemperatures of 28.0°C through 31°C. At 32.5°C,only males are produced. Both sexes are produced in varyingproportions at 31.5, 32.0, and 33.0°C. Embryo survival isnot affected within this range, but developmental rate and totalincubation time are strongly temperature dependent. In naturalnests laid in breeding enclosures, cool incubation temperaturesproduced only females whereas males were produced only in warmnests. Clutch sex ratios were female or male biased. Yearlysex ratios (=percent male) varied from 0.05 to 0.58; overallsex ratio during six nesting seasons was 0.24 (1 male: 3 females).Sex ratio and incubation time vary with nest location and temperaturein a manner consistent with the constant temperature results.Incubation time decreases with increasing incubation temperature,and is an accurate predictor of sex ratio in the field and laboratory. To date, temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) has beenreported in five species of Crocodylus and in three speciesof Alligatorinae; but the TSD patterns in these groups differ.The TSD pattern of C. palustris is similar to that of C. porosus.Nesting in C. palustris is synchronized with the seasonal availabilityof thermal regimes suitable for incubation. Resultant sex ratiosare a consequence of when and where eggs are laid. Early nestsare located in warm, sunny sites; in contrast, late season nestsare located in the shade. An egg transplant experiment demonstratedthat sex ratios could be altered by simple manipulations ofnest temperatures in the field. The adaptive significance ofTSD in crocodilians may relate to the influence of incubationtemperature on various hatchling attributes, particularly growth.     

Effects of small-scale sedimentary patchiness on the distribution of tubificid and lumbriculid worms in Lake Geneva

SUMMARY. 1. The sediment consists of pillow-like formations (0.7 m wide) separated by trenches, 0.2 m wide and 0.1 m deep, over large areas of Lake Geneva (Switzerland).
2. Biomass and total abundance of tubificid and lumbriculid worms were higher on the pillows than in the trenches. Potamothrix vejdovskyi, P. hammoniensis, P. heuscheri and Tubifex tubifex were more abundant on pillows whereas Peloscolex velutinus and Stylodrilus heringianus were relatively more abundant in the trenches.
3. These differences between worm communities suggested that organic sedimentation was higher on the pillows. Sedimentological analyses confirmed this interpretation.
4. Results of large-scale surveys can be biased if sampling design is not adapted to such small-scale patchiness.     

Xylem, Phloem and Transpiration Flows in Developing Apple Fruits

Xylem, phloem and transpiration flows were measured in developingfruits of the apples Royal Gala and Cox's Orange Pippin at early,mid and late stages during their development. Fruit volume growthwas first computed from measurements of diameter made usinga system of sensitive displacement transducers. Xylem, phloemand transpiration flow components (of which fruit volume growthis the integral) were then separated using a scheme of treatmentswhich disabled one or other flow at a time. Changes observed during development in the patterns of the threeflows are in general agreement with expectations based on lessdirect observations (loc. cit. Ferguson and Watkins, 1989).Recognizing the distinctive mineral compositions of xylem andphloem streams, the changes also accommodate, and seem to explain,published observations of mineral accumulation in apple. Significant differences in the pattern of xylem and phloem flowwere observed between the varieties examined. These may explainvarietal differences in susceptibility to the mineral imbalancedisorder bitter-pit. Xylem flows were shown to reverse at times; that is they flowedfrom fruit to tree. This occurred particularly during periodsof high evaporative demand. Xylem reversal is of importanceto the overall water economy of a tree but may also have specialimportance to the mineral composition of the fruit. Key words: Mineral nutrition, bitter-pit, apple, xylem, phloem, transpiration, water balance