Changes in Reproductive Allocation after Expansion from the Glacial Refugium and Implications for the Distribution Range in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau Native Herb,Gymnaconitum gymnandrum (Ranunculaceae)

A fundamental goal of ecology and evolution is to explain patterns of species distribution and abundance. However, the way in which stable distribution ranges are shaped by natural selection is still poorly understood, especially whether patterns of resource allocation have contributed to the range size and the formation of range boundary received little attention. For annual herb, the maximum reproductive allocation is predicted to be 50%, and thus we predicted that reproductive allocation might contribute to the formation of range boundary since plant will enhance allocations to reproduction in stressful environments. In this study, we presented our data on resource allocation between population from the glacial refegium and those from the marginal populations in Gymnaconitum gymnandrum, an alpine biennial native to the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, aiming to find the contribution of resource allocation to the formation of range boundary. Our results showed that resource allocations to vegetative organs, including roots, plant height and stem leaf biomass, were significantly higher in the refugium population that in the two marginal populations, and allocations to reproductive organs, including flower number and flower biomass, were significantly lower in one marginal population (Haibei population) than in the other marginal population (Xinghai population) and the refugium population (Tongren population). However, reproductive allocation was significantly higher in the marginal populations than in the refugium population. In addition, in each of the three populations, we found a positive relationship between the plant size and flower biomass but a negative relationship between the plant size and reproductive allocation. Our results indicated a size dependent reproductive allocation in Ggymnandrum, but we did not find a size threshold for reproduction in each of the three populations of this plant, which might be attributed to the life history of this biennial herb. We also suggested that reproductive allocation was increased during the process of range expansion and may rise to the optimal reproductive allocation in the marginal populations, which suggested the important role of sexual reproduction for plants in more stressful environments and the formation of range boundary. However, these conclusions need to be further proved in other plant species.     

多氯联苯(PCB1254)对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)毒性及其组织结构的影响

本文报道了多氯联苯(PCB₁₂₅₄)对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)的亚急性毒性试验及其组织结构的影响。结果表明,PCB₁₂₅₄对斑马鱼存活最大无影响浓度(NOEC)为0.40μg·L^-1,最低有影响浓度(LOEC)为2.0μg·L^-1, PCB₁₂₅₄对斑马鱼30d半致死剂量为5.09μg·L^-1,95% 可信区间范围为3.79～6.52μg·L^-1。在不同浓度的PCB₁₂₅₄作用30d后,斑马鱼的组织结构发生明显变化, PCB₁₂₅₄浓度大于2μg·L^-1时,对斑马鱼鳃组织呼吸上皮细胞结构产生损伤而影响其呼吸代谢;高浓度PCB₁₂₅₄(50μg·L^-1)对斑马鱼肝脏细胞结构产生明显损害,肝脏细胞结构表现出异常,肝细胞核变形萎缩,并有大量脂褐素沉积。     

春花生覆盖双降解地膜栽培的增产效应

试验表明,春花生覆盖双降解地膜对土壤可以起到保温及保水的作用,促进植株生长发育,提高花生产量,达到增产增收目的。     

异耦阿扁叶蜂的生物学及其防治

异耦阿扁叶蜂(Acantholyda dim orphaM aa)是马尾松(Pinus massonianaLamb.)的食叶害虫,局部可对马尾松林的生长造成损失。此虫在浙江省松阳县1 a发生1代,以预蛹在土茧内越冬。成虫于3月中旬至4月下旬羽化,并在当年生嫩针叶上产卵。幼虫于5月中旬至6月中旬成熟并陆续入土。     

红外相机技术在北京雾灵山自然保护区兽类资源调查中的应用

为了调查北京市雾灵山自然保护区兽类资源情况,自2013年7月至2014年5月,在雾灵山32个位点处布放红外相机进行系统调查,累积相机工作日3630天,共拍摄到兽类有效照片494张,鉴定出10种动物,包括：狍（Capreolus capreolus）、斑羚（Nemorhaedus goral）、猪獾（Arctonyx collaris）、岩松鼠（Sciurotamias davidianus）、野猪（Sus scrofa）、狗獾（Meles meles）、豹猫（Felis bengalensis）、花鼠（Tamias sibiricus）、草兔（Lepus capensis）和黄鼬（Mustela sibirica）,隶属于4目7科;从分布型来看,这10种兽类主要以古北型为主（占70%）。常拍种有狍、岩松鼠、斑羚和猪獾;较常拍种有野猪、狗獾、豹猫、花鼠、草兔;偶拍种有黄鼬。文中还对不同海拔和不同植被类型动物相对丰富度、累积拍摄物种数与相机工作日关系及兽类G-F指数等进行了探讨。     

红树林群落优势种群自疏过程的生长动态

在深圳福田红树林保护区设置永久样地,经1994、1996、1998和2002年4次调查表明:群落中个体的断枝、死亡现象很明显,样地总面积200 m2中出现的总个体数分别为417、341、196和132个,种群平均密度依次为2.08、1.70、0.98和0.66个/m2;间隔期的死亡率依次为18.2%、42.5%和32.6%.种群个体存在明显的增粗生长,在每2年间隔期,优势种群桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum(L.)Blanco)、秋茄(Kandelia candel(L.)Druce)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina(Forsk.)Vierh.)的胸径增加最大值分别达3.63 cm、2.45 cm、4.52 cm,且以白骨壤加粗较大.增高生长也很明显,第二次调查时341个个体中,233个出现增高生长,第三次调查时,196个个体中127个出现增高生长;2年间隔期,以桐花树增高生长最普遍,达1.5 m,秋茄增高生长最大的达1.9 m,白骨壤达1.8 m.生物量亦呈明显的相关变化,在逐次间隔调查中,地上部分总生物量依次降低,或稍增加后再次降低,但存活种群个体的平均生物量大多依次增加,4次调查期间单位面积的总生物量分别为7.57 kg/m2、8.36 kg/m2、5.15 kg/m2和7.71 kg/m2,与谭凤仪等(1995b)早期通过标准木等方式的计算结果相似.研究结果证实红树林群落的自疏过程是一种重要的演变过程,以植株、分枝干枯频繁发生为特征;演替过程中,新苗出现很少,而高度(长度)生长、增粗生长、干枯发生等与群落中种群的组成、结构、密度状况等直接相关.     

鼠猪异种细胞核移植

核质关系是细胞生物学和发育生物学研究的核心问题之一。细胞核移植技术是研究发育中核质关系的重要手段。尽管最近哺乳动物的细胞核移植取得了重大突破 (Ｗｉｌｍｕｔ等 ,1997;Ｗａｋａｙａｍａ等 ,1998) ,但这些成功实验是在种内进行的 ,而异种间核移植的研究报道较少 (ＭｃＧｒａｔｈ等 ,1986 ;Ｗｏｌｆｅ等 ,1992 ;梅祺等 ,1993)。最近 ,陈大元等( 1999)报道将大熊猫的子宫上皮细胞、骨骼肌细胞和乳腺上皮细胞的细胞核移入去核的兔卵母细胞后 ,分别有9 9%、6 8%和 11 7%的重构卵发育到囊胚。Ｄｏｍｉｎｋｏ等( 1999)把绵羊、猪、猴或大…     

羽衣甘蓝柱头酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建与分析

目的:构建应用于酵母双杂交系统的羽衣甘蓝柱头cDNA文库。方法:以羽衣甘蓝S13-bS13-b自交不亲和系为材料,提取柱头的总RNA,用亲和层析法分离纯化mRNA,利用CytoTrapXR建库试剂盒构建羽衣甘蓝柱头cDNA文库。结果:羽衣甘蓝柱头cDNA原始文库的库容量为2.5×105;扩增后文库的库容量约为4×108,重组率为96%,插入片段大小为0.4～3kb,平均长度在0.8kb左右。结论:构建了应用于酵母双杂交系统的羽衣甘蓝自交不亲和系柱头的cDNA文库,为探讨芸苔属植物自交不亲和的分子机理奠定了基础。     

油脂下脚料中残油微生物降解初步研究

以油脂降解菌Bacillus sp DE-8为出发菌,对油脂下脚料中的残油生物降解条件进行初步研究。结果表明:该菌对油脂下脚料降解条件为:起始pH值为8,接种量4%、摇床转速为150r.min-1、温度为32℃、发酵72h,该菌株对菜籽饼的降解率可达78.8%。     

酶解法制备草鱼抗氧化多肽工艺的建立

目的:筛选优化合适的可用于水解草鱼蛋白制备活性多肽的蛋白酶制剂及其工艺.方法:选取不同特性来源的商品化蛋白酶制剂与实验室分离的枯草蛋白酶BPN,对比分析它们在水解草鱼蛋白过程中的水解度变化,及其酶解产物的抗氧化活性.结果:大多数蛋白酶在水解反应最初的60min内,水解度迅速增加,之后2h内曲线变化不大.其中细菌来源的水解蛋白酶水解能力最强,其2h水解产物水解度可达15.17％;木瓜蛋白酶水解产物的抗氧化活性较强,经测定其DPPH清除能力为96.24％.结论:不同特性的蛋白酶水解草鱼蛋白的水解速度和产物的活性成分具有明显差异,总的来说,木瓜蛋白酶在草鱼蛋白加工中制备活性多肽是一个比较理想的选择.