四种刚竹属植物花器官形态描述

该文根据采自华东地区的一些刚竹属植物居群中的可靠花枝标本,结合现场调查和形态解剖观察,描述和增补了白哺鸡竹、瓜水竹、谷雨竹、云和哺鸡竹的花序、假小穗和花部形态特征,并提供了显示花枝外貌和花器官主要特征的照片。瓜水竹的花序呈头序,小花较短,应属于水竹组;而其余3种的花序呈穗状,小花较长,应归隶刚竹组。所有的凭证标本均保存于安徽省广德县林业科学研究所竹类标本室中。     

土壤条件对向日葵列当寄生的影响

以高感列当的向日葵品种‘龙食葵2号’为试验材料,采用室内接种列当温室培养的方法,研究土壤条件对向日葵列当寄生与生长的影响。结果表明：（1）土壤质地对向日葵列当的寄生具有显著影响,培养50 d时,沙壤土、壤土、粘土中列当的出土数分别为 32.2、19.5和4.6个,平均单株寄生列当数量分别为38.8、24.0和8.2个,说明通透性好的沙壤土有利于列当瘤的形成与生长。（2）在沙壤土条件下,随着处理温度的上升,列当的出土数量和寄生数量均呈先升高后降低的趋势;当培养温度为25 ℃和30 ℃时,向日葵列当有较高的寄生数量与生长速度,列当出土数和平均单株寄生列当数量分别为30.4、31.6和39.8、39.4个。（3）在沙壤土条件下,随着土壤湿度的增加,列当的出土数量和寄生数量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,并在土壤湿度为60%和70%达到较高值,列当出土数和平均单株寄生列当数量分别为32.6、30.9和39.9、40.9个,而在高湿条件下列当的寄生数量显著减少。（4）在沙壤土条件下,随着土壤pH值的增加,列当的出土数量和寄生数量也呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,并均在土壤pH值为8时达到最大值,列当出土数和平均单株寄生列当数量分别为47.5和51.1个,即列当在偏碱性的土壤环境中有着较高的寄生数量。研究发现,当土壤类型为沙壤土、土壤温度为25~30 ℃、土壤湿度为60%~70%、土壤 pH为8时有利于向日葵列当的寄生与生长;在实际生产中应选择中性或偏酸性的非沙壤土地种植向日葵,并注意调整播期和控制田间灌水量,以降低向日葵列当的危害。     

基于MSAP和SSR标记的高粱甲基化连锁群LGC、LGD的构建

以高粱(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)品种‘B_2V_4’和‘1383-2’杂交获得的F_2群体为材料,通过SSR和MSAP标记检测高粱基因组差异,构建其甲基化遗传连锁群。结果显示,高粱甲基化连锁群LGC含有3个SSR标记和23个甲基化标记,覆盖高粱基因组44.3 cM;甲基化连锁群LGD含有4个SSR标记和8个甲基化标记,覆盖高粱基因组46.2 cM。LGC上甲基化位点仅来源于EcoRⅠ/MspⅠ酶切组合,而LGD上有来源于EcoRⅠ/MspⅠ和EcoRⅠ/HpaⅡ两种酶切组合的甲基化位点。在LGC连锁群Xtxp 69附近检测到一个密集的甲基化位点区域。研究结果表明MSAP标记可以快速检测植物基因组甲基化差异,适用于构建甲基化连锁群。     

烟蚜茧蜂寄生对烟蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】为探究烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis对烟蚜Myzus persicae寄生后烟蚜生长发育和繁殖影响及其在烟蚜防控中的作用。【方法】采用室内叶片培养皿法,测定了不同龄期烟蚜(1-4龄若蚜及成蚜)被烟蚜茧蜂寄生后烟蚜当代(F₀)及后代(F₁)的发育历期、寿命、产仔量。【结果】烟蚜1龄若蚜被烟蚜茧蜂寄生后,1龄若蚜历期受到显著影响,较未被寄生对照缩短了0.65 d (33.00%),而2-4龄若蚜期和成蚜历期未受显著影响;2龄若蚜被寄生后,4龄若蚜和成蚜历期均受到显著影响,较未被寄生的对照分别缩短了1.50 d (100.00%)和0.83 d (100.00%),而2和3龄若蚜期未受显著影响;3龄若蚜被寄生后,4龄若蚜和成蚜期均受到显著影响,较未被寄生对照分别缩短了1.50 d (100.00%)和0.83 d (100.00%),而3龄若蚜期未受显著影响。2龄若蚜被寄生后烟蚜的寿命和产仔量均受到显著影响,寿命较未被寄生对照缩短了8.39 d(54.00%),每雌产仔量较未被寄生对照减少了48.67头(100.00%)。此外,2-3龄若蚜被寄生后其后代(F₁)1龄若蚜历期受影响最大,较未被寄生烟蚜后代1龄若蚜期缩短了0.80 d(40.00%),其F₁代平均寿命较未被寄生烟蚜后代平均寿命延长了5.72 d(41.20%),但其产仔量与对照差异不显著。【结论】不同龄期烟蚜被烟蚜茧蜂寄生后,其发育历期和寿命比未被寄生的缩短,产仔量比被未寄生的少,但其F₁代平均寿命比未被寄生后代烟蚜的长且其产仔量未受显著影响。当代2龄若蚜期是控制烟蚜增长的关键时期。这些结果对确定烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜适期及认识其机理具有重要参考意义。     

苋菜甜菜红素合成相关基因AmMYB1的克隆及表达分析

应用RACE技术,从‘大红’苋菜中克隆到1条MYB基因cDNA全长序列,命名为AmMYB1(登录号为KU557504)。AmMYB1基因开放阅读框为723bp,可编码240个氨基酸。其基因组序列与cDNA比对后显示,AmMYB1基因含有1个内含子。生物信息学分析表明,AmMYB1具有2个连续的MYB结构域,是一个典型的R2R3-MYB;同源分析显示,该基因编码的氨基酸序列与甜菜红素相关BvMYB1的一致性最高,达到54%。亚细胞定位结果显示,AmMYB1蛋白定位于细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,AmMYB1基因在‘大红’苋菜叶片红色部位的表达量高于绿色部位;在甜菜红素含量高的叶和茎中表达量明显高于根;在光照条件下表达量高于遮光处理;在红叶品种中的表达量高于绿叶品种。研究结果表明,AmMYB1基因可能是苋菜甜菜红素合成途径中重要的正调控因子。     

RAPD Study on Inter species Relationships in Roegneria (Poaceae: Triticeae)

To assess the relationships among 26 species in Roegneria C. Koch, 34 random decamer primers were screened for RAPD fragments. 28 primers produced polymorphic RAPD products. Data from 16 primers were used for RAPD assay. By NTSYS-pc program, Jaccard' s genetic similarity coefficients were generated and dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA. It is concluded as follows: (1) Distinct genetic differences and extensive genetic diversity were present among the species. (2) There were some genetic differences between StY and StYH genomes, and StY and StYH had a certain degree of differentiations respectively which were related to geographic regions, the farther the geographic distribution between species, the less the similarity to each other. (3) When different accessions in a species, such as species with similar morphological characters, homologous genomes and similar geographic distribution, were clustered together respectively, it suggusted that they had closer relationships. (4) The awnless species R. alashanica Keng and R. magnicaespes (D. F. Cui) L. B. Cai, in Roegneria, were separated from the other species analysed in this study, indicating that these two species had intensive genetic differences from the others. (5) R. caucasica C. Koch, a species from Western Asia, was quite different from the other species contained StY genomes in Roegneria from Eastern Asia and Central Asia. (6) The results were in consistance with that of the analysis of morphology and chromosome pairing in the taxonomic treatments for R. ciliaris (Trin) Nevski and R. japonensis (Honda) Keng, R. tenuispica J. L. Yang et Y. H. Zhou and R. pendulina Nevski, and R. tsukushiensis (Honda) Ohwi and R. kamoji Ohwi. The present study discussed the usefulness of RAPD markers in the systematic study of Roegneria.     

Biosystematic studies on Hystrix longearistata from Japan and Hystrix duthiei from China (Poaceae: Triticeae)

Morphological comparison, cytogenetic study and fertility analysis of Hystrix duthiei (2n = 28) from China, Hystrix longearistata (2n= 28) from Japan and their artificial hybrids were carried out. Morphologically H. duthiei was similar to H. longearistata. H. longearistata had longer lemma awn, wider leaf and 2～3 florets per spikelet, while H. duthiei had 1～2 florets per spikelet. These two taxa can be easily crossed. F_l hybrids showed very high degree of bivalent pairing (13～14 bivalents) at the metaphase- I of meiosis. No multivalents were found. The fertility of pollen and seed set of the parents were normal, while the F_l hybrids were of only partial fertility. H. longearistata was closely related to H. duthiei. They should be included in the same species. Because of the differences of their distributions and habitats, some morphological divergency and a little sterility barrier have had appeared between them. It is reasonable to treat Hystrix longearistata as a sub-species of Hystrix duthiei .     

Morphology,fertility and cytogenetics of intergeneric hybrid between Roegneria kamoji Ohwi and Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy (Poaceae: Triticeae)

The intergeneric hybrids between Roegneria kamoji Ohwi and Dasypyrum villosum (L.)Candargy were successfully obtained by means of embryo culture in vitro. Studies on morphology, fertility and chromosome pairing behavior in meiosis of the parents and their hybrid F_l were carried out in the present work. The results showed that: (1) there were ob vious morphological differences between R. kamoji and D. villosum, and spikes of F_l plants were morphologically intermediate between the two parental species; (2) the seed set of the cross was 11.63%; the hybrid plant was infertile, which indicated that strong repro ductive isolation existed between the parents and R. kamoji and D. villosum were inde pendent biological species; (3) The somatic chromosome number in root-tips of F_l hybrids was 28. Chromosome pairing at MI of PMCs in F_l hybrids was quite low. The meiotic con figuration was 26.72 Ⅰ + 0.62 Ⅱ + 0.02 Ⅲ, which indicated that very low homoeology was detected between the St, H, Y genomes of R. kamoji and the V genome of D. villo- sum, and the relationship between the parental species was remote.