Two color light scattering identifies physical differences between lymphocyte subpopulations

Forward angle light scattering of two different wavelengths by cells in a flow cytometer was used to investigate physical differences between lymphocytes of different lineage, functional subclass and developmental stage. Correlation of the ultraviolet (UV: 351 nm and 364 nm) and 488 nm light scattering signals produced by lymphoid cells demonstrated that the two signals were not equivalent and that they placed different emphasis on the physical parameters characterizing lymphocytes. Both small T and B lymphocytes from peripheral lymphoid tissues and mitogenically activated large T and B lymphocyte blasts were discriminated by both wavelengths. Differences between the Lyt-2 negative and Lyt-2 positive T lymphocyte subsets were also apparent. Two color light scattering could also discriminate between immature thymocytes and mature peripheral T cells and between small bone marrow cells and mature peripheral B cells. In bone marrow an increase in UV light scattering coincided with the appearance of cell surface immunoglobulin on small cells. These data establish that two color light scattering is a sensitive probe for distinguishing cells of apparently similar morphology and that it can be used to study the physical changes that occur during lymphoid cell differentiation.     

Isolation of zymogen granules from rat pancreas and characterization of their membrane proteins

A zymogen granule fraction has been isolated from rat pancreas, and its purity has been assessed by biochemical and morphological criteria. Specific activities of two marker enzymes, amylase and chymotrypsin, are increased by 4.6 and 5.4-fold, respectively, as compared to the homogenate. The purified fraction is devoid of detectable RNA, DNA and 5'-nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and cytochrome c oxidase activities. Electron micrographs confirm the absence of mitochondria, lysosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum fragments. Zymogen granule membranes were isolated from this fraction on a sucrose gradient following lysis in alkaline buffer. Secretory contaminants were efficiently removed from the membranes as indicated by experiments in which labeled secretory proteins were added during the isolation procedure and secondly by measuring residual levels of amylase and chymotrypsin. Three enzyme activities were found in the membranes: thiamine pyrophosphatase, ATP-diphosphohydrolase, and low levels of acid phosphatase. Membrane proteins were solubilized by urea-Triton X-100 and separated in double-dimension (isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Isoelectric point and molecular weight of each protein band were determined.     

Electrophoretic evaluation of the taxonomic status of two species of sea anemone

Puerto Rican populations of two species of sea anemones (Bunodosoma cavernata and B. granulifera) which had previously been considered one were assayed electrophoretically for enzymes encoded by 12 loci. The two species shared no common allozymes at 6 of the 12 loci. Genetic distance and identity values based on these allozymes were computed for the Puerto Rican populations and for B. cavernata from Florida and B. granulifera from Panama. The Puerto Rican populations of both species had much higher genetic identities for their geographically distant conspecifics than for each other. These results indicate that the two species are reproductively isolated and should be considered as separate valid species. Average heterozygosities are presented which are the first published for coelenterate species.     

Cat satellite DNA. Isolation using netropsin with CsCl gradients

The absence of centromeric bands in the karyotype of Felis catus is confirmed. It is also confirmed that no satellite band is visible in CsCl density gradients. However, a satellite is observed both by recentrifuging the fraction of the DNA that bands at high density in CsCl and by using netropsin to enhance the resolution of a CsCl gradient containing total F. catus DNA. The satellite, about 0.5% of total DNA, was isolated by repeated centrifugation in CsCl alone and in CsCl with netropsin. Netropsin was removed and a pure satellite DNA obtained. The reassociation kinetics (C0t1/2 less than 10(-3) M . s) show that the satellite is of the simple sequence type and hence a candidate for centromeric heterochromatin. Its cytological localisation awaits in situ hybridisation experiments.     

Structure—activity relationships in the mutagenicity of quinone methides of 7-hydroxyflavylium salts for Salmonella typhimurium

Several synthetic 7-hydroxyflavylium salts related to apigeninidin, a natural 3-deoxyanthocyanidin, have been studied in the Ames mutagenicity test using strain TA1537 of Salmonella typhimurium. Under the neutral pH conditions of the test, these flavylium salts are deprotonated through ionization of the C7-OH (pK_a′ = 4.2–4.4) to form quinone methides. Only the quinone methides of 4-methyl-7-hydroxyflavylium chloride and 4′-methoxy-4-methyl-7-hydroxy-flavylium chloride showed mutagenicity. Responses of 4–8 times the background were observed at the higher doses (1000 μg/plate), both with and without metabolic activation. It was concluded that the induction of frameshift mutagenicity by this group of compounds is caused by those quinone methides that have non-ionic, stable polycyclic structures at neutral pH.     

Content of red blood-cell sialic acid in BW 35 blood donors. Relation to magnesium concentration and pyruvate kinase activity

Previous studies have shown that the concentration of red blood cell (RBC) magnesium is significantly lower in subjects carrying an HLA-BW 35 antigen (p less than 0.001) than in non-carriers. As this finding might be related to modifications of the RBC membrane sialoglycoconjugates, RBC sialic acid was comparatively determined in BW 35+ and BW 35- subjects. Pyruvate-kinase activity mean RBC volume, and reticulocyte count have also been determined in order to estimate whether some significant variations in the level of these age markers could be detected between the HLA BW 35+ and BW 35- subjects. A significant negative correlation between sialic acid and RBC magnesium concentrations was observed for the whole population tested (n 57, p less than 0.005), 61% of the BW 35+ and only 25% of the BW 35- individuals having sialic acid values above, and magnesium values below the overall mean (p less than 0.01). The variance of mean RBC volume was also larger for the BW 35+ group. Other determinations did not show any significant variations, suggesting that the results are not related to RBC age.     

Effects of EEG of the osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier in rats

EEG activity was recorded in rats submitted to osmotic opening of the BBB by intracarotid mannitol infusion.This procedure produced an immediate short-lasting depression of the EEG and a tardive paroxysmal EEG activity. Both these phenomena were more relevant on the ipsilateral hemisphere. In some instances a tonico-clonic seizure was recorded.Pre-treatment with diazepam abolished the occurrence of the tardive EEG and behavioral modifications.In accord with previous findings, focal seizure activity is likely to be responsible for the metabolic abnormalities associated with osmotic opening of the BBB. This preparation therefore produces in the brain unphysiological states in respect to local metabolism and electrical function.     

Contribution to catalysis and stability of the five cysteines in Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase. Preparation and properties of a cysteine-free enzyme.

The five cysteines, at positions 82, 191, 192, 270, and 401, of Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase (AATase) were, individually and in some combinations, converted to alanine by site-directed mutagenesis (C82A, C191A, C192A, C270A, C401A). Cys-191, which is conserved in all AATase isozymes, was mutated to serine as well (C191S). A quintuple mutant, with all cysteines converted to alanines (Quint), was also constructed. The effects of these single and multiple mutations were examined by steady-state kinetics and urea denaturation. The thermal stabilities of Quint and of the wild-type enzyme (WT) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The mutants had kcat values up to 50% greater than that of WT and KMAsp and KM alpha-KG values up to 1.5- and 3.3-fold higher than that of WT. The mutants C82A and C191A exhibit nearly the same CM in urea denaturation experiments as WT, while the other single mutants and Quint are less stable, with CM differences of up to 0.7 M urea. Quint is also less thermostable than WT, with a delta TM of 3.3-4.4 degrees C. Thus the five cysteine replacements yield small, but significant, changes in catalytic and denaturation parameters, but none of the cysteines was found to be essential. The changes manifested in the mutation of the conserved Cys-191 to alanine are no greater than those observed with the four nonconserved cysteines. We consider the evolutionary implications of these findings.