Asp537, Asp812 are essential and Lys631, His811 are catalytically significant in bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase activity.

To define catalytically essential residues of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase, we have generated five mutants of the polymerase, D537N, K631M, Y639F, H811Q and D812N, by site-directed mutagenesis and purified them to homogeneity. The choice of specific amino acids for mutagenesis was based upon photoaffinity-labeling studies with 8-azido-ATP and homology comparisons with the Klenow fragment and other DNA/RNA polymerases. Secondary structural analysis by circular dichroism indicates that the protein folding is intact in these mutants. The mutants D537N and D812N are totally inactive. The mutant K631M has 1% activity, confined to short oligonucleotide synthesis. The mutant H811Q has 25% activity for synthesis of both short and long oligonucleotides. The mutant Y639F retains full enzymatic activity although individual kinetic parameters are somewhat different. Kinetic parameters, (kcat)app and (Km)app for the nucleotides, reveal that the mutation of Lys to Met has a much more drastic effect on (kcat)app than on (Km)app, indicating the involvement of K631 primarily in phosphodiester bond formation. The mutation of His to Gln has effects on both (kcat)app and (Km)app; namely, three- to fivefold reduction in (kcat)app and two- to threefold increase in (Km)app, implying that His811 may be involved in both nucleotide binding and phosphodiester bond formation. The ability of the mutant T7 RNA polymerases to bind template has not been greatly impaired. We have shown that amino acids D537 and D812 are essential, that amino acids K631 and H811 play significant roles in catalysis, and that the active site of T7 RNA polymerase is composed of different regions of the polypeptide chain. Possible roles for these catalytically significant residues in the polymerase mechanism are discussed.     

Addison,pernicious anemia and adrenal insufficiency

In 1849 Thomas Addison described the clinical entity now known as pernicious anemia. In 1855 he reported several cases of adrenal insufficiency, or Addison''s disease. Considering the importance of these works, there remains a great deal of confusion about them. Contrary to what many historians have written, a review of Addison''s original publications demonstrates a firm appreciation of the distinction between pernicious anemia and adrenal insufficiency, based particularly on the discoloration of the skin in these conditions. Three major sources of possible confusion for historians who are attempting to understand Addison''s views include Addison''s early attempts to link pernicious anemia with disease of the supra-renal capsules, Addison''s redefinition of pernicious anemia in his monograph on adrenal disease, and several confusing statements made by Wilks and Daldy in the first reprint of Addison''s monograph.     

Construction of a human cytochrome c gene and its functional expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The nucleotide sequences of a partial cDNA and three pseudogenes of human cytochrome c were determined. The complete nucleotide sequences which encode human cytochrome c were constructed on the basis of one of the pseudogenes by in vitro mutagenesis. The constructed human cytochrome c was functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant human cytochrome c was purified and characterized.     

Analysis of factors restricting the use of binomial statistics for studying transmitter release in neuromuscular junctions

Binomial parameters of transmitter secretion were calculated on the basis of analysis of synaptic potentials in the frog sartorius muscle. Negative values of the parameter p were found in some synapses. This happened most often in low Ca²⁺ concentrations and with low amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials. The results were interpreted in terms of a model assuming spatial heterogeneity of probability of transmitter quantum release at different release points. Simulation of transmitter secretion by computer showed that the appearance of negative values of the parameter p and incorrect estimates of n experimentally are connected with the form of distribution of probability of transmitter quantum release in the synapse and with the amplitude of miniature potentials.S. V. Kurashov Kazan' Medical Institute, Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 182–189, March–April, 1984.     

Degradation of sugar cane bagasse by several white-rot fungi

Forty-two white-rot fungi isolated in South America were incubated with long fibre sugar cane bagasse (LFB). The residual composition of LFB was determined after white-rot decay at 30 and 60 days. The ratio of residual lignin to residual lignin to residual cellulose (RL/RC) of untreated material (LFB) was 0.48. After white-rot-decay, the residual material with lower RL/RC ratios indicated that mainly lignin was degraded. In only 30 days, Phlebia sp. MVHC 5535, Athelia sp. MVHC 5509 and Spongipellis pachyodon MVHC 5019 caused a decrease in the RL/RC ratio to 0.36, 0.37 and 0.38, respectively, while it took 60 days for Ganoderma applanatum MVHC 5347, Hyphodontia sp. MVHC 5544, Panus tigrinus MVHC 5400, Stereum sp. MVHC 5113, Phellinus punctatus MVHC 5346 and MVHC 6388 to reach a ratio lower than 0.40. No correlation was found between the amount of some ligninolytic enzymes secreted and the residual composition of bagasse after white-rot fungi fermentation. Most of the fungal strains caused an increase in the relative amount of residual cellulose, indicating that hemicellulose was the preferred energy source.     

Anomeric and other substrate specificity studies with myo-inositol-1-P synthase

L-myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase has been found to have at least a 5-fold preference for the beta-anomer of its natural substrate D-Glc-6-P. The alpha-anomer appears to be an inhibitor of the reaction and may be converted to product as well. As well as showing an enzymatic preference for the equatorial C-1 hydroxyl of D-Glc-6-P, our results suggest that it is the pyranose form of D-Glc-6-P that binds to the enzyme and that ring-opening is an enzymatic step. We have also found D-2-dGlc-6-P, D-2-F-2-dGlc-6-P, and D-Man-6-P each to be both competitive inhibitors and substrates that are converted to inositol phosphates by the synthase. D-Allose-6-P is a weak inhibitor of the enzyme, but not a substrate. D-Gal-6-P is neither substrate nor inhibitor. Thus the specificity of the synthase with respect to single position epimers of D-Glc-6-P increases in the order C1 less than C2 much less than C3 less than C4.     

Enhanced resistance of the myocardium to stress injury and excess calcium in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Extensibility, contractile function and resistance to excess calcium of the right atrium myocardium were studied in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and August rats and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). It was shown that long-term stress results in a decrease in the measured parameters in normotensive animals. SHR do not show any stress-induced disturbances. It was discovered that in intact SHR rats, the myocardium has a greater resistance to excess calcium, indirect evidence for higher efficiency of the Ca-pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiomyocytes of SHR animals, which is apparently a constituent part of the mechanism of such animals' heart increased resistance to stress-induced damage.     

Neutrophil-stimulating activity of staphylococci based on reactive chemiluminescence data

The neutrophil-stimulating properties of 38 S. aureus strains and 32 S. epidermidis strains were studied in the reaction of luminol-mediated chemiluminescence. All S. aureus strains and 29 S. epidermidis strains were found to possess neutrophil-stimulating activity, the mean activity index for S. aureus being significantly higher. The stimulating activity of the strains varied within a wide range (the variation coefficient was 120.0 +/- 21.9%) and did not correlate with the content of protein A in bacterial cells and the degree of their hydrophoby. The opsonization of staphylococci with normal human serum enhanced the neutrophil reaction 1.5- to 100-fold and simultaneously leveled out the chemiluminescence indices in experiments with different strains (the variation coefficient was 8.0 +/- 1.5%). The nature of the neutrophil-stimulating effect of staphylococci and its relationship to the exploratory reactions of phagocytes are discussed.