美国纽约州阔叶林物种多度格局的研究(英文)

物种多度格局是群落结构的重要反映 ,近年来又受到生态学家的重视。用 5种生态位模型研究美国纽约州“城 -郊 -乡”生态样带温性落叶阔叶林的物种多度格局。其中 3个模型 ,即几何级数模型、生态位重迭模型和分割线段模型拟合效果很好 ,它们既适合于简单群落 ,又适合于复杂群落结构的研究。另外两个模型 ,即随机分配模型和优势优先模型拟合效果不如前三个模型 ,可能仅适合于简单的群落研究。森林群落不同功能层的物种多度格局相似 ;沿“城 -郊 -乡”生态样带 ,森林群落的结构一致 ;物种多度格局与物种多样性指数结合使用可以更好地研究群落的结构特征。     

Growth response of komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis) to root and foliar applications of phosphite

Soil and hydroponic culture experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of phosphite (Phi) as phosphorus (P) fertilizer via root and foliar applications on the growth and P supply of komatsuna. In both experiments, root P treatments were combinations of Phi and phosphate (Pi) at different Pi:Phi ratios, for a total of high P level (92 mg P pot^?1; the soil experiment) or low P level (0.05 mM P; the hydroponic experiment). Foliar P treatments were deionized water (control), a Pi solution and a Phi solution at low concentration of 0.05% P₂O₅. In both experiments, shoot dry weight of plants significantly decreased as Pi:Phi ratio decreased. In the soil experiment, plants grew abnormally at a Pi:Phi ratio of 25:75 and died when P was applied to soil entirely as Phi form (0:100 treatment). In the hydroponic experiment, no visible damage was found in shoot but root growth was strongly inhibited with severe damage symptoms at low Pi:Phi ratios. Total P concentration in plant decreased significantly with decreasing Pi:Phi ratio, especially in the hydroponic experiment. Foliar application of Phi although greatly increased total P of plants compared to that of Pi in both experiments, it did not improve but further decreased plant growth at low Pi:Phi ratios in the soil experiment and at all Pi:Phi ratios in the hydroponic experiment. The results of this study clearly indicated that Phi could not be used as P fertilizer by komatsuna plants via both application methods and could not substitute P at any rate at either low or high level. No beneficial effect of Phi was detected even when it was applied at low rate or applied in combination with Pi at different ratios. The effects of Phi were strongly dependent on the P nutrition status of plants; and plants that were not sufficiently fertilized with Pi may become vulnerable to Phi even at low levels.     

State of gonads in juvenile triploid trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> under conditions of South Vietnam after artificial sex inversion

Gonad morphology and structure of sex cells in juvenile triploid trout Oncorhynchus mykiss of the Donaldson breed incubated and reared at a trout plant under climatic conditions of South Vietnam have been studied. Anomalies in the structure of sex gonads and oocyte structure were found, and partial resorption of sex cells was detected. It was shown that sex inversion in triploid (unisexual) fingerlings of rainbow trout passed successfully on the whole since many sex gonads of these fish simultaneously had both female and male sex cells and sometimes were sterile. The connection of anomalies found in the structure of sex system of trout with species rearing under unusual for it climatic conditions and artificial sex inversion is discussed.     

Suppressed translation as a mechanism of initiation of CASP8 (caspase 8)-dependent apoptosis in autophagy-deficient NSCLC cells under nutrient limitation

Macroautophagy/autophagy inhibition under stress conditions is often associated with increased cell death. We found that under nutrient limitation, activation of CASP8/caspase-8 was significantly increased in autophagy-deficient lung cancer cells, which precedes mitochondria outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), CYCS/cytochrome c release, and activation of CASP9/caspase-9, indicating that under such conditions the activation of CASP8 is a primary event in the initiation of apoptosis as well as essential to reduce clonogenic survival of autophagy-deficient cells. Starvation leads to suppression of CFLAR proteosynthesis and accumulation of CASP8 in SQSTM1 puncta. Overexpression of CFLARs reduces CASP8 activation and apoptosis during starvation, while its silencing promotes efficient activation of CASP8 and apoptosis in autophagy-deficient U1810 lung cancer cells even under nutrient-rich conditions. Similar to starvation, inhibition of protein translation leads to efficient activation of CASP8 and cell death in autophagy-deficient lung cancer cells. Thus, here for the first time we report that suppressed translation leads to activation of CASP8-dependent apoptosis in autophagy-deficient NSCLC cells under conditions of nutrient limitation. Our data suggest that targeting translational machinery can be beneficial for elimination of autophagy-deficient cells via the CASP8-dependent apoptotic pathway.     

The giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus) and its effects on the survival and growth of willows

1. The giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus) is an invasive pest that can attain large populations on willows (Salix spp.). This has the potential to have a negative impact on the extensive use of willows for soil conservation, and as a source of pollen and nectar for honey bees in New Zealand.
2. A willow nursery field trial was established to evaluate the aphid populations, and the survival and growth of young plants of several willow species and hybrids, during two growing seasons from planting.
3. The willow species and hybrids varied widely in their susceptibility to the aphid, with large aphid populations and plant mortality in the most susceptible willows, and reductions in plant growth in all but aphid-resistant willows. The effects on the plants were not seen in the first season, but occurred during the second season.
4. The aphid can be expected to have some negative impacts in New Zealand, with reductions in growth of some willows commonly used for soil conservation, and for pollen and nectar for honey bees.

     

Correction to: Mephisto albomaculosus,a new spikefish (Actinopterygii: Tetraodontiformes: Triacanthodidae) collected off Myanmar,Indian Ocean

Ichthyological Research - The spelling of the third author name was incorrectly published.     

Detection of antibodies against Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii‐like species in dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis

Bovine digital epidermitis involves different pathologies, including PDD, interdigital dermatitis, and foot rot. Bacteriological and molecular biological studies suggest that these are multimicrobial infections. During our study on the isolation of treponemes from biopsies of PDD, colonies producing black pigment were isolated frequently from the primary cultures, suggesting that Porphyromonas species were present. Moreover, 16S rRNA genes of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii‐like species were detected in the lesions. We therefore determined whether an immunological response could be elicited by a P. levii‐like organism isolated from a PDD lesion, as well as two subspecies of F. necrophorum in the sera from cows with and without PDD. A total of 151 serum samples were collected from 85 cows with PDD lesions and 33 cows without lesions on 12 PDD‐positive farms and from 33 cows on two PDD‐free farms. ELISA data showed that IgG antibody levels against antigens of P. levii‐like species and F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum were significantly higher in cows on PDD‐positive farms than in cows on PDD‐free farms, regardless of the presence of PDD lesions in the cows on the PDD‐positive farms. However, F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme was present at low levels in both groups. The ELISA results were confirmed by western blot analysis. Furthermore, antigens of these bacteria were detected in PDD‐biopsy sections examined by immunohistochemical staining. F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum and P. levii‐like species may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDD.     

Phylogenetic reassessment of gorals with new evidence from northern Myanmar reveals five distinct species

Researchers have recognised one to seven species of goral (Naemorhedus spp., Caprinae, Bovidae). We compared all available whole mitogenomic sequences, including eight new ones from northern Myanmar, and now recognise five distinct species. Naemorhedus caudatus remains a valid species. Naemorhedus griseus is a synonym of Naemorhedus goral. Naemorhedus evansi is a valid species, with a geographic range that extends northwards into southwestern China. Naemorhedus cranbrooki and Naemorhedus baileyi are distinct species, not synonyms. Molecular divergence analyses suggest that goral speciation was closely related to the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Hengduan Mountains from the early Pliocene to the Pleistocene.