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151.
Advances in microelectronics, microfluidics, polymers and microfabrication have enabled the creation of disposable lab-on-a-chips (LOCs) as the new tools for neuroscience research. The LOCs have been applied for a wide range of neurobiology studies, including cellular and molecular biochemical experimentations, morphological observations and electrophysiological investigations. The integration of miniaturised components leads to analytical instrumentations with unprecedented automation, speed of analysis, and flexibility. These features make LOCs capable enough to replace their bulky and expensive bench-top counterparts. LOCs can be useful for genomic, proteomic, epigenomic, peptidomic, connectomic and electrophysiological studies and also as effective tools for reductionist neuroscientists. Moreover, they can be applied at higher level studies such as developmental neurobiology and behavioural investigations. This work provides an in-depth review of LOC platforms for neuroscience research. First, we review the essential bench-top neuroscience instrumentation as per their functions and features. Next, we present LOC counterparts for those bench-top instrumentations. Finally, we offer perspectives on persistent challenges and our perception of opportunities based on LOC instrumentations in neuroscience research. 相似文献
152.
Urmila Basu Allen G. Good Taing Aung Jan J. Slaski Atanu Basu Keith G. Briggs Gregory J. Taylor 《Physiologia plantarum》1999,106(1):53-61
We previously reported that treatment with aluminum (Al) leads to the accumulation of several polypeptides (12-, 23-, and 43.5-kDa) in root exudates of an Al-resistant cultivar of Triticum aestivum. In this report, we examine the segregation of the 23-kDa, Al-induced polypeptide and the Al-resistant phenotype in single F2 plants arising from a cross between Al-resistant and Al-sensitive doubled-haploid (DH) lines. Single plants and plant populations were screened for sensitivity/resistance to Al using synthesis of 1,3-β-glucans (callose) as a sensitive marker for Al injury. Callose production in the Al-sensitive cv. Katepwa was approximately 3-fold higher than observed in the Al-resistant cv. Maringa, or a near-isogenic line derived from Katepwa and Maringa (Alikat), over a broad range of Al concentrations (0–100 μM). Similar results were observed with DH lines developed from cv. Katepwa, which produced two–four times more callose than DH lines developed from cv. Alikat. When single plants from F1 and F2 populations derived from a cross between DH Katepwa and DH Alikat were scored for Al-induced callose production after 4 days exposure to 100 μM Al, all F1 plants were Al-resistant and F2 plants segregated approximately 3:1 for Al-resistance/sensitivity. A backcross population derived from crossing Al-resistant F1 with Al-sensitive Katepwa, segregated 1:1 for Al-resistance/sensitivity. Thus, the Al-resistant phenotype is inherited in a monogenic, dominant fashion in our DH lines. Enhanced accumulation of the Al-induced, 23-kDa polypeptide in root exudates was a trait which co-segregated with the Al-resistant phenotype in F2 populations. This polypeptide was strongly labeled with S-methionine after 3 days of Al exposure and 6 h labeling. When root exudate polypeptides were separated by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, the 23-kDa polypeptide demonstrated significant Al-binding capacity. This polypeptide has been purified to near-homogeneity, providing an opportunity to isolate the gene(s) encoding this polypeptide. 相似文献
153.
Beard KC Jaeger JJ Chaimanee Y Rossie JB Soe AN Tun ST Marivaux L Marandat B 《Journal of human evolution》2005,49(4):468-481
Two isolated cranial fragments from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of central Myanmar have previously been interpreted as frontal bones of the amphipithecid primate Amphipithecus mogaungensis. Aside from a few maxillary fragments, these specimens provide the only potential source of information currently available regarding the cranial anatomy of Amphipithecidae. Were this taxonomic attribution correct, these specimens would indicate that amphipithecids retained numerous primitive skull features, including the absence of a postorbital septum, the retention of a voluminous olfactory chamber, and strong separation between the forebrain and the orbital fossa. However, several anatomical details observable on these specimens are incompatible with their attribution to any primate and strongly suggest that they cannot be ascribed to Mammalia. Particularly problematic in this regard are the extreme thickness of the dermal bone, the odd structure of the alleged "frontal trigon," and the mediolateral orientation and uniquely robust construction of the descending process of the frontal bone (which partially segregates the orbital and temporal fossae). Because these isolated elements can no longer be attributed to Amphipithecus, the anatomical, phylogenetic, and behavioral inferences regarding amphipithecid paleobiology that have been drawn from these specimens can no longer be sustained. 相似文献
154.
Felipe MS Andrade RV Arraes FB Nicola AM Maranhão AQ Torres FA Silva-Pereira I Poças-Fonseca MJ Campos EG Moraes LM Andrade PA Tavares AH Silva SS Kyaw CM Souza DP Pereira M Jesuíno RS Andrade EV Parente JA Oliveira GS Barbosa MS Martins NF Fachin AL Cardoso RS Passos GA Almeida NF Walter ME Soares CM Carvalho MJ Brígido MM;PbGenome Network 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2005,280(26):24706-24714
155.
Lyman MA Aung S Biggs JA Sherman LA 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2004,172(11):6558-6567
In this report, we address whether a growing tumor provides sufficient inflammatory signals to promote activation, clonal expansion, and acquisition of effector functions by naive tumor-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes. CD8(+) T lymphocytes obtained from hemagglutinin (HA)-specific clone 4 TCR-transgenic mice were injected into recipient mice that spontaneously develop pancreatic tumors expressing HA as a tumor-associated Ag (RIP-Tag2-HA mice). When 3 x 10(6) clone 4 CD8(+) T cells were transferred into tumor-bearing mice, the cells became activated in the pancreatic lymph nodes where they proliferated and acquired effector functions such as cytolytic activity and IFN-gamma production. Surprisingly, reducing the number of adoptively transferred CD8(+) T cells led to a parallel reduction in the proportion of the activated cells that exhibited effector functions, suggesting that CTL differentiation was induced by the large numbers of activated CD8(+) T cells and not the tumor environment. Provision of tumor-specific CD4(+) helper cells provided the signals required to promote both the development of CTL effector functions and increased clonal expansion, resulting in tumor eradication. Considering that only small numbers of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells would be present in a conventional T cell repertoire, these data suggest that tumor growth alone may not provide the inflammatory signals necessary to support the development of CD8(+) T cell effector functions. 相似文献
156.
Treatment with anti-LFA-1 delays the CD8+ cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte response and viral clearance in mice with primary respiratory syncytial virus infection 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
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Rutigliano JA Johnson TR Hollinger TN Fischer JE Aung S Graham BS 《Journal of virology》2004,78(6):3014-3023
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in the immune response against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The cell surface molecule lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is an important contributor to CTL activation, CTL-mediated direct cell lysis, and lymphocyte migration. In an attempt to determine the role of LFA-1 during RSV infection, we treated BALB/c mice with monoclonal antibodies to LFA-1 at days -1, +1, and +4 relative to primary RSV infection. Anti-LFA-1 treatment during primary RSV infection led to reduced illness and delayed clearance of virus-infected cells. CTLs from RSV-infected mice that were treated with anti-LFA-1 exhibited diminished cytolytic activity and reduced gamma interferon production. In addition, studies with BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine)- and CFSE [5-(and 6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester]-labeled lymphocytes showed that anti-LFA-1 treatment led to delayed proliferation during RSV infection. These results indicate that LFA-1 plays a critical role in the initiation of the immune response to RSV infection by facilitating CTL activation. These results may prove useful in the development of new therapies to combat RSV infection or other inflammatory diseases. 相似文献
157.
Mariana G. Tarragó Claudia C.S. Chini Karina S. Kanamori Gina M. Warner Ariel Caride Guilherme C. de Oliveira Micaela Rud Adrienne Samani Kyaw Z. Hein Runqing Huang Diana Jurk Dong Seong Cho James J. Boslett Jordan D. Miller Jay L. Zweier João F. Passos Jason D. Doles David J. Becherer Eduardo N. Chini 《Cell metabolism》2018,27(5):1081-1095.e10
158.
Overexpression of interleukin-4 delays virus clearance in mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus. 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
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J E Fischer J E Johnson R K Kuli-Zade T R Johnson S Aung R A Parker B S Graham 《Journal of virology》1997,71(11):8672-8677
Although interleukin-4 (IL-4) expression has been implicated in vaccine-enhanced respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease, its role in mediating the immune response to primary RSV infection remains unclear. To assess the effect of IL-4 production on typical RSV infection, transgenic mice which either overexpress or fail to express IL-4 were challenged intranasally with RSV and their responses were compared to those of the parent strains. IL-4-deficient mice eliminated virus from the lung as quickly as did C57BL/6 controls. In contrast, mice which constitutively overexpress IL-4 showed delayed virus clearance compared with mice of the FVB/N control strain, although peak viral titers did not differ. IL-4 overexpression increased the magnitude of the subsequent antibody response. Lung lymphocytes harvested from IL-4-overexpressing mice post-RSV challenge showed diminished RSV-specific cytolytic activity compared with controls. Both IL-4-deficient and IL-4-overexpressing strains resisted rechallenge. These data imply that constitutive IL-4 expression delays or suppresses the development of a virus-specific cytotoxic lymphocyte population important in clearing primary RSV infection. 相似文献
159.
160.