The effect of anesthetic charge on anesthetic-phospholipid interactions

Cationic and uncharged forms of a tertiary amine local anesthetic are reported to have different properties and potencies as nerve blocking agents. However, the relative capacities of each form of the local anesthetic to perturb the properties of different model membrane systems is unknown. For this reason we have studied the effects of uncharged lidocaine (high pH) and its quaternary amine analogue (W49091) on the phase transition properties of DMPS, DPPE and DPPC liposomes using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. We report that neutral lidocaine interacts similarly with all three phospholipids. This interaction results in a decrease in the temperature of the gel å liquid crystalline phase transition ($\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$), an increase in the enthalpy of the transition ($\text{ΔH}$), and a slight decrease in the cooperativity of melting. Quaternary lidocaine (W49091), on the other hand, interacts significantly with only DMPS; the result being again a decrease in the temperature of DMPS melting, an increase in $\text{ΔH}$, and a slight decrease in the cooperativity of the phase transition. These results are interpreted to indicate that uncharged lidocaine enters the membrane during the DPPE and DPPC phase transitions. In the case of DMPS, an influx of both charged forms of lidocaine must occur at $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}$. These anesthetic fluxes at the lipid's phase transition are suggested to be responsible for the observed elevated enthalpies of the respective transitions. The observation that the cationic form of lidocaine does not significantly modify the behavior of DPPC and DPPE liposomes suggests that these lipids are not important components of the anesthetic's site in nerve membranes. However, the dramatic perturbation of the properties of DMPS by W49091 suggests that phosphatidylserine may comprise part of this inhibitory site.     

The toxin-agglutinin fold. A new group of small protein structures organized around a four-disulfide core

The three-dimensional structures of the snake venom postsynaptic neurotoxins and of the domains in wheat germ agglutinin show a remarkably similar overall folding pattern, consisting of equivalently placed, but variably sized loops which are held together by four similarly positioned disulfide bonds. Furthermore, occurrence of this wheat germ agglutinin-neurotoxin domain fold is predicted not only in the snake venom cardiotoxins and cytotoxins with neurotoxin-matched half-cystine sequence positions, but also for two small plant proteins, hevein and ragweed pollen allergen Ra5, on the basis of a nearly exact match of their half-cystine, sequence positions with those of the wheat germ agglutinin domain.     

Regulation of the biosynthesis of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetases and of transfer ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. V. Mutants with increased levels of valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase.

Spontaneous revertants of a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli strain harboring a thermolabile valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase were selected for growth at 40 degrees C. Of these, a large number still contain the thermolabile valyl-tRNA synthetase. Three of these revertants contained an increased level of the thermolabile enzyme. The genetic locus, valX, responsible for the enzyme overproduction, is adjacent to the structural gene, valS, of valyl-tRNA synthetase. Determination (by radioimmunoassay) of the turnover rates of valyl-tRNA synthetase showed that the increased level of valyl-tRNA synthetase is due to new enzyme synthesis rather than decreased rates of protein degradation.     

Specific release of plasma membrane enzymes by a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C.

The release of plasma membrane ecto-enzymes by a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. There was no effect on L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase, alkaline phosphodeisterase I and Ca2+- or MG2+-ATPase, but substantial proportions of the alkaline phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase were released. There was no simultaneous release of phospholipid and the solubilized enzymes were not exluded from Sepharose 6-B. It was therefore concluded that release was not a secondary consequence of membrane vesiculation but occurred as a result of the disruption of specific interactions involving the phosphatidylinositol molecule.     

Morphological and histochemical evidence of mitoribosomes in Manduca sexta.

The mitochondria found in the neurons of the frontal ganglion of Manduca sexta contained numerous mitoribosomes. The mitochondria of the glial and perineural cells did not contain mitoribosomes. The mitoribosomes were digested in RNase whereas phospholipase C digested the cellular membranes but had no effect on the mitoribosomes.     

Porcine growth hormone gene expression from viral promoters in transgenic swine

Abstract

The production of porcine growth hormone (pGH) from novel expression vectors containing the promoter/enhancer elements of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) LTR or the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early gene was examined in transgenic swine. Both fusion genes resulted in elevated levels of serum pGH, elevation of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), and a pronounced decrease in carcass fat deposition. The two viral promoter/enhancer elements were constitutively active in the transgenic swine throughout the life of the animals. In individual swine, the CMV‐pGH transgene was expressed predominantly in the pancreas while the MLV‐pGH transgene was expressed in a wide variety of tissues. These swine were infertile, had insulin resistance, and demonstrated an accelerated form of osteochondritis dissicans. Our results show that excess pGH produces a phenotype identical to that seen in swine expressing heterologous growth hormones, and provides a baseline for assessing the overall efficiency of producing transgenic swine. Furthermore, our data suggests that unregulated pGH production, even at 15 times normal levels and independent of the tissue source, has adverse effects that outweigh the desired reduction in carcass fat deposition in transgenic swine.     

Aspidospermatan–aspidospermatan and eburnane-sarpagine bisindole alkaloids from Leuconotis

Leucofoline and leuconoline, representing the first members of the aspidospermatan–aspidospermatan and eburnane-sarpagine subclasses of the bisindole alkaloids, respectively, were isolated from the Malayan Leuconotis griffithii. The structures of these bisindole alkaloids were established using NMR and MS analysis, and in the case of leuconoline, confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Both alkaloids showed weak cytotoxicity towards human KB cells.