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991.
Hirokazu Hotani 《Journal of molecular biology》1984,178(1):113-120
Liposomes undergoing transformation were observed by dark-field light microscopy in order to study the role of lipid in morphogenesis of biological vesicular structures. Liposomes were found to transform sequentially in a well-defined manner through one of several transformation pathways. A circular biconcave form was an initial shape in all the pathways and it transformed into a stable thin flexible filament or small spheres via a variety of regularly shaped vesicles which possessed geometrical symmetry. The transformation was reversible up to a certain point in each pathway. Osmotic pressure was found to be the driving force for the transformations. Biological membrane vesicles such as trypsinized red cell ghosts also transformed by similar pathways. 相似文献
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995.
The structure of Pyrococcus furiosus DNA ligase (PfuLig), which architecturally resembles human DNA ligase I (hLigI), revealed that the C-terminal helix stabilizes the closed conformation through several ionic interactions between two domains (adenylylation domain (AdD) and C-terminal OB-fold domain (OBD)). This helix is oriented differently in DNA-bound hLigI, suggesting that the disruption of its interactions with AdD facilitates DNA binding. Previously, we demonstrated that the replacement of Asp540 with arginine improves the ligation activity. Here we report that the combination of the Asp540-replacement and the elimination of ionic residues in the helix, forming interactions with AdD, effectively enhanced the activity. 相似文献
996.
Ryota Hidese Hisaaki Mihara Tatsuo Kurihara Nobuyoshi Esaki 《Journal of bacteriology》2014,196(6):1238-1249
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous cofactors that are crucial for many physiological processes in all organisms. In Escherichia coli, assembly of Fe-S clusters depends on the activity of the iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly and sulfur mobilization (SUF) apparatus. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the mechanisms that control Fe-S cluster biogenesis and iron homeostasis are still poorly defined. In this study, we performed a global screen to identify the factors affecting Fe-S cluster biogenesis and iron homeostasis using the Keio collection, which is a library of 3,815 single-gene E. coli knockout mutants. The approach was based on radiolabeling of the cells with [2-14C]dihydrouracil, which entirely depends on the activity of an Fe-S enzyme, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. We identified 49 genes affecting Fe-S cluster biogenesis and/or iron homeostasis, including 23 genes important only under microaerobic/anaerobic conditions. This study defines key proteins associated with Fe-S cluster biogenesis and iron homeostasis, which will aid further understanding of the cellular mechanisms that coordinate the processes. In addition, we applied the [2-14C]dihydrouracil-labeling method to analyze the role of amino acid residues of an Fe-S cluster assembly scaffold (IscU) as a model of the Fe-S cluster assembly apparatus. The analysis showed that Cys37, Cys63, His105, and Cys106 are essential for the function of IscU in vivo, demonstrating the potential of the method to investigate in vivo function of proteins involved in Fe-S cluster assembly. 相似文献
997.
A Simple Force-Motion Relation for Migrating Cells Revealed by Multipole Analysis of Traction Stress
For biophysical understanding of cell motility, the relationship between mechanical force and cell migration must be uncovered, but it remains elusive. Since cells migrate at small scale in dissipative circumstances, the inertia force is negligible and all forces should cancel out. This implies that one must quantify the spatial pattern of the force instead of just the summation to elucidate the force-motion relation. Here, we introduced multipole analysis to quantify the traction stress dynamics of migrating cells. We measured the traction stress of Dictyostelium discoideum cells and investigated the lowest two moments, the force dipole and quadrupole moments, which reflect rotational and front-rear asymmetries of the stress field. We derived a simple force-motion relation in which cells migrate along the force dipole axis with a direction determined by the force quadrupole. Furthermore, as a complementary approach, we also investigated fine structures in the stress field that show front-rear asymmetric kinetics consistent with the multipole analysis. The tight force-motion relation enables us to predict cell migration only from the traction stress patterns. 相似文献
998.
Hirokazu Ishii Takuma Shirai Chisato Makino Takahito Nishikata 《Development, growth & differentiation》2014,56(2):175-188
In ascidian eggs, cytoplasmic and cortical reorganization, previously called ooplasmic segregation, occurs in two phases during the first cell cycle. In the second phase of reorganization, the mitochondria‐rich cytoplasm (myoplasm) moves to the future posterior side, concurrent with sperm aster migration along the egg cortex. Although this reorganization is the critical step for establishing the anteroposterior axis, its molecular mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we showed that low concentrations of the mitochondrial inhibitor sodium azide (NaN3), which showed the low toxicity in sperm, inhibited the second phase of reorganization without the microtubule depolymerization. In the NaN3‐treated embryo, the sperm aster was not attracted to the cortex and altered its migration pathway; therefore, the myoplasm remained at the vegetal pole. Consequently, the anteroposterior axis was not established. Another mitochondrial inhibitor, oligomycin, did not affect these processes. These results suggest that NaN3 inhibits unknown molecules that are important for the second phase of reorganization. Identifying the target molecule of NaN3 will lead to a molecular understanding of cytoplasmic and cortical reorganization. 相似文献
999.
Shingo Akita Hirokazu Yamada Madoka Ito Miki Kobayashi Daisuke Fujita 《Journal of applied phycology》2014,26(2):1141-1148
On the southern coast of Uchiura Bay, central Pacific, Japan, Diadema barrens have expanded since the 1980s but Eckloniopsis radicosa (annual kelp endemic to Japan) has remained in deeper waters (>10 m in depth). Phenology of the kelp was studied on isolated boulders from December 2011 for a year. Young sporophytes appeared in December and rapid growth from April brought the maximum blade length (83.3?±?13.9 cm) and width (56.8?±?12.7 cm) and standing crop (7.4 kg m?2) in May and June, respectively. Sorus formation began in June and spore release occurred from July to September. Blade length decreased from August and disappeared in November though holdfast remained. The unique holdfast-like spiny ball was found to provide habitats for mobile animals; its forests have an important role to maintain the biodiversity on barrens. During the period, water temperature was between 14.6 and 27.8 °C, salinity was stable around 34–35?‰, and nutrients were never depleted. Tolerance to large and frequent fluctuation of water temperature (7 °C in a day), rapid growth in winter to spring, and occurrence on limited boulders in soft substrata may be the reasons for the success in the maintenance of its forest in Diadema barrens. 相似文献
1000.
Yasunori Kikuchi Masahiko Hirao Hirokazu Sugiyama Stavros Papadokonstantakis Konrad Hungerbühler Takashi Ookubo Akinobu Sasaki 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(2):307-319