基于人生规划的小班研讨——以“微生物学”课程为例

以教师讲解为主的传统课堂教学模式已不能满足新时代人才培养的要求。需寻找新的课堂教学方法,充分调动每一位学生的学习积极性,提高学生的学习效率和满足度。本课程采用"大班授课小班研讨"的教学方法,依据学生的人生规划分班研讨,根据教学内容等四项原则设置研讨主题,引导学生明确奋斗目标,鼓励学生真正地主动学习,培养学生的独立思考能力和创新思维,有效地提高了学生对"微生物学"课程的热爱度和知识点的掌握度。本文可为"大班授课小班研讨"教学模式在本科教学过程中的实践提供参考。     

High‐throughput multiplex cpDNA resequencing clarifies the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among Brassica napus,Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea

Brassica napus (rapeseed) is a recent allotetraploid plant and the second most important oilseed crop worldwide. The origin of B. napus and the genetic relationships with its diploid ancestor species remain largely unresolved. Here, chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from 488 B. napus accessions of global origin, 139 B. rapa accessions and 49 B. oleracea accessions were populationally resequenced using Illumina Solexa sequencing technologies. The intraspecific cpDNA variants and their allelic frequencies were called genomewide and further validated via EcoTILLING analyses of the rpo region. The cpDNA of the current global B. napus population comprises more than 400 variants (SNPs and short InDels) and maintains one predominant haplotype (Bncp1). Whole‐genome resequencing of the cpDNA of Bncp1 haplotype eliminated its direct inheritance from any accession of the B. rapa or B. oleracea species. The distribution of the polymorphism information content (PIC) values for each variant demonstrated that B. napus has much lower cpDNA diversity than B. rapa; however, a vast majority of the wild and cultivated B. oleracea specimens appeared to share one same distinct cpDNA haplotype, in contrast to its wild C‐genome relatives. This finding suggests that the cpDNA of the three Brassica species is well differentiated. The predominant B. napus cpDNA haplotype may have originated from uninvestigated relatives or from interactions between cpDNA mutations and natural/artificial selection during speciation and evolution. These exhaustive data on variation in cpDNA would provide fundamental data for research on cpDNA and chloroplasts.     

Prevalence and phylogenetic characterization of canine coronavirus from diseased pet dogs in Beijing,China

正Dear Editor,Canine coronavirus including canine coronavirus(CCoV)and canine respiratory coronavirus(CRCoV)have been recognized as pathogenic viruses to dogs worldwide,causing enteric and respiratory issues(Buonavoglia et al.,2006).Zoonotic transfer of the viruses from the animal kingdom to humans has been repeatedly observed over the past decade,     

The autophagy–lysosomal system in subarachnoid haemorrhage

The autophagy–lysosomal pathway is a self‐catabolic process by which dysfunctional or unnecessary intracellular components are degraded by lysosomal enzymes. Proper function of this pathway is critical for maintaining cell homeostasis and survival. Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is one of the most devastating forms of stroke. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress, are all responsible for brain injury and poor outcome after SAH. Most recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the autophagy–lysosomal pathway plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological process after SAH. Appropriate activity of autophagy–lysosomal pathway acts as a pro‐survival mechanism in SAH, while excessive self‐digestion results in cell death after SAH. Consequently, in this review article, we will give an overview of the pathophysiological roles of autophagy–lysosomal pathway in the pathogenesis of SAH. And approaching the molecular mechanisms underlying this pathway in SAH pathology is anticipated, which may ultimately allow development of effective therapeutic strategies for SAH patients through regulating the autophagy–lysosomal machinery.     

Atoh7 promotes retinal Müller cell differentiation into retinal ganglion cells

Glaucoma is one of the leading eye diseases due to the death of retinal ganglion cells. Increasing evidence suggests that retinal Müller cells exhibit the characteristics of retinal progenitor cells and can differentiate to neurons in injured retinas under certain conditions. However, the number of ganglion cells differentiated from retinal Müller cells falls far short of therapeutic needs. This study aimed to promote the differentiation of retinal Müller cells into ganglion cells by introducing Atoh7 into the stem cells dedifferentiated from retinal Müller cells. Rat retinal Müller cells were isolated and dedifferentiated into stem cells, which were transfected with PEGFP-N1 or PEGFP-N1-Atoh7 vector, and then further induced to differentiate into ganglion cells. The proportion of ganglion cells differentiated from Atoh7-tranfected stem cells was significantly higher than that of control transfected or untransfected cells. In summary, Atoh7 promotes the differentiation of retinal Müller cells into retinal ganglion cells. This may open a new avenue for gene therapy of glaucoma by promoting optic nerve regeneration.     

Identification and Characterization of Pothos latent virus Causing Necrotic Ringspots and Line Patterns on Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) in Taiwan

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) grown in screenhouses in Taiwan showed ringspots and concentric line patterns on leaves. A virus having isometric particles approximately 30–32 nm in diameter was isolated from affected lisianthus. Combined results of biological, cytological, serological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses show that the virus can be identified as Pothos latent virus (PoLV), genus Aureusvirus, family Tombusviridae. Inoculating the virus on non‐infected lisianthus plants reproduced the symptoms previously observed in the field. So, this is the first report of PoLV causing disease in lisianthus and the first report of the virus in Taiwan.     

裸子植物psbA基因分子进化式样的研究

为阐明裸子植物对陆生生境生态响应的分子机制,以新近的裸子植物分类系统为指导,基于psb A基因编码全序列对4亚纲53种代表植物进行分子进化分析。首先,依据"放松分子钟"模型重建裸子植物在时间尺度下系统发育关系;其次,采用6个模型(MEC/JTT、MEC/cp REV、M5、M7、M8、M8a)估测氨基酸位点ω值,并对各模型结果进行统计检测;随后,利用Bootstrap方法检PSBA蛋白内部氨基酸位点的共进化动态。结果表明,系统树提示的物种分化历程支持前期分类结果;光合系统反应中心核心PSBA蛋白有3个氨基酸位点(13、19和243)曾经受正选择压力;PSBA蛋白内部有多对氨基酸位点间构成了共进化网络。因此,psb A基因编码序列具有作为描绘裸子植物系统发育关系标记的潜力,PSBA蛋白部分位点经历了适应性进化,通过位点间共进化网络协同作用方式辅助裸子植物响应陆生生境。     

番茄‘Ls-89’和‘坂砧2号’幼苗活性氧代谢对南方根结线虫侵染的反应

为了解番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)砧木幼苗活性氧代谢与抗南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)的关系,以高感品种‘Ls-89’与高抗品种‘坂砧2号’为材料,采用盆栽人工接种法,研究了南方根结线虫侵染对番茄砧木幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,未接种南方根结线虫的番茄砧木幼苗,其根系与叶片活性氧水平及相关酶活性在品种间没有显著差异。接种南方根结线虫后,两品种幼苗根系与叶片的O_2·~–生成速率和H_2O_2含量均升高,且‘坂砧2号’显著高于‘Ls-89’,但‘Ls-89’的MDA含量则显著高于‘坂砧2号’。两品种幼苗根系与叶片的SOD活性均在侵染早期降低,以‘坂砧2号’降幅较大;但POD、CAT活性在侵染早期变化不大,至侵染中后期则显著升高。因此,番茄抗性品种砧木幼苗的膜脂抗氧化能力较强,活性氧水平较高,且SOD活性对南方根结线虫侵染敏感。     

Construction of an efficient genomic editing system with CRISPR/Cas9 in the vector mosquito Aedes albopictus

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus, also known as the Asian tiger mosquito, is a mosquito which originated in Asia. In recent years, it has become increasingly rampant throughout the world. This mosquito can transmit several arboviruses, including dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses, and is considered a public health threat. Despite the urgent need of genome engineering to analyze specific gene functions, progress in genetical manipulation of Ae. albopictus has been slow due to a lack of efficient methods and genetic markers. In the present study, we established targeted disruptions in two genes, kynurenine hydroxylase (kh) and dopachrome conversion enzyme (yellow), to analyze the feasibility of generating visible phenotypes with genome editing by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/ CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system in Ae. albopictus. Following Cas9 single guide RNA ribonucleoprotein injection into the posterior end of pre-blastoderm embryos, 30%-50% of fertile survivors produced alleles that failed to complement existing kh and yellow mutations. Complete eye and body pigmentation defects were readily observed in GI pupae and adults, indicating successful generation of highly heritable mutations. We conclude that the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing system can be used mAe. albopictus and that it can be adopted as an efficient tool for genome-scale analysis and biological study.