全文获取类型
收费全文 | 316篇 |
免费 | 28篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 4篇 |
2016年 | 7篇 |
2015年 | 8篇 |
2014年 | 6篇 |
2013年 | 11篇 |
2012年 | 12篇 |
2011年 | 11篇 |
2010年 | 4篇 |
2009年 | 9篇 |
2008年 | 6篇 |
2007年 | 12篇 |
2006年 | 8篇 |
2005年 | 13篇 |
2004年 | 22篇 |
2003年 | 9篇 |
2002年 | 8篇 |
2001年 | 9篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 6篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1966年 | 3篇 |
1965年 | 4篇 |
1954年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有348条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
251.
Lennart KA Lundblad Lisa M Rinaldi Matthew E Poynter Erik P Riesenfeld Min Wu Steven Aimi Leesa M Barone Jason HT Bates Charles G Irvin 《Respiratory research》2011,12(1):27
Background
Inhaled short acting β2-agonists (SABA), e.g. albuterol, are used for quick reversal of bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. While SABA are not recommended for maintenance therapy, it is not uncommon to find patients who frequently use SABA over a long period of time and there is a suspicion that long term exposure to SABA could be detrimental to lung function. To test this hypothesis we studied the effect of long-term inhaled albuterol stereoisomers on immediate allergic response (IAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in mouse models of asthma.Methods
Balb/C mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and then we studied the IAR to inhaled allergen and the AHR to inhaled methacholine. The mice were pretreated with nebulizations of either racemic (RS)-albuterol or the single isomers (S)- and (R)-albuterol twice daily over 7 days prior to harvest.Results
We found that all forms of albuterol produced a significant increase of IAR measured as respiratory elastance. Similarly, we found that AHR was elevated by albuterol. At the same time a mouse strain that is intrinsically hyperresponsive (A/J mouse) was not affected by the albuterol isomers nor was AHR induced by epithelial disruption with Poly-L-lysine affected by albuterol.Conclusions
We conclude that long term inhalation treatment with either isomer of albuterol is capable of precipitating IAR and AHR in allergically inflamed airways but not in intrinsically hyperresponsive mice or immunologically naïve mice. Because (S)-albuterol, which lacks affinity for the β2-receptor, did not differ from (R)-albuterol, we speculate that isomer-independent properties of the albuterol molecule, other than β2-agonism, are responsible for the effect on AHR. 相似文献252.
Abstract The palatability to common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. of three newly developed differently flavoured floating pellets made from a high proportion (40%) of brewer's spent grain (BSG) was tested using a multiple-offer feeding experiment. The addition of ‘bold’ flavours, such as vanilla or strawberry essence, may help mask the unpleasant taste of some piscicides; however, their inclusion must not compromise uptake by carp. There were no significant differences between the consumption rates of the three varieties, and all flavours were readily consumed. Therefore, it is suggested that highly flavoured pellets made with BSG have a strong potential to mask the flavour of an unpalatable toxin, and further research is now needed to test this hypothesis. 相似文献
253.
254.
Multiple interspecies transmissions of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I sequences 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Using two sets of nucleotide sequences of the human and simian T-cell
leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I/STLV-I), one consisting of 522 bp of
the env gene from 70 viral strains and the other a 140-bp segment from the
pol gene of 52 viral strains, I estimated cladograms based on a statistical
parsimony procedure that was developed specifically to estimate
within-species gene trees. An extension of a nesting procedure is offered
for sequence data that forms nested clades used in hypothesis testing. The
nested clades were used to test three hypotheses relating to transmission
of HTLV/STLV sequences: (1) Have cross-species transmissions occurred and,
if so, how many? (2) In what direction have they occurred? (3) What are the
geographic relationships of these transmission events? The analyses support
a range of 11-16 cross-species transmissions throughout the history of
these sequences. Additionally, outgroup weights were assigned to haplotypes
using arguments from coalescence theory to infer directionality of
transmission events. Conclusions on geographic origins of transmission
events and particular viral strains are inconclusive due to small samples
and inadequate sampling design. Finally, this approach is compared directly
to results obtained from a traditional maximum parsimony approach and found
to be superior at establishing relationships and identifying instances of
transmission.
相似文献
255.
Measures of population productivity and individual survival are essential for effective conservation management and scientific investigations. In studies of birds, individuals are often marked with unique colour band combinations to enable estimates of population vital rates. If birds are banded in the nest this must be done at the correct stage in nestling development. If nestlings are banded too early it can lead to leg damage. If they are banded too late it can cause early fledging and reduced survival. Here, we use photographs to guide estimation of the best stage to band North Island robin (Petroica longipes), or toutouwai, nestlings, which is typically at 9–12 days of age. 相似文献
256.
Raphaël Morard Kate F. Darling Frédéric Mahé Stéphane Audic Yurika Ujiié Agnes K. M. Weiner Aurore André Heidi A. Seears Christopher M. Wade Frédéric Quillévéré Christophe J. Douady Gilles Escarguel Thibault de Garidel‐Thoron Michael Siccha Michal Kucera Colomban de Vargas 《Molecular ecology resources》2015,15(6):1472-1485
Planktonic foraminifera (Rhizaria) are ubiquitous marine pelagic protists producing calcareous shells with conspicuous morphology. They play an important role in the marine carbon cycle, and their exceptional fossil record serves as the basis for biochronostratigraphy and past climate reconstructions. A major worldwide sampling effort over the last two decades has resulted in the establishment of multiple large collections of cryopreserved individual planktonic foraminifera samples. Thousands of 18S rDNA partial sequences have been generated, representing all major known morphological taxa across their worldwide oceanic range. This comprehensive data coverage provides an opportunity to assess patterns of molecular ecology and evolution in a holistic way for an entire group of planktonic protists. We combined all available published and unpublished genetic data to build PFR2, the Planktonic foraminifera Ribosomal Reference database. The first version of the database includes 3322 reference 18S rDNA sequences belonging to 32 of the 47 known morphospecies of extant planktonic foraminifera, collected from 460 oceanic stations. All sequences have been rigorously taxonomically curated using a six‐rank annotation system fully resolved to the morphological species level and linked to a series of metadata. The PFR2 website, available at http://pfr2.sb-roscoff.fr , allows downloading the entire database or specific sections, as well as the identification of new planktonic foraminiferal sequences. Its novel, fully documented curation process integrates advances in morphological and molecular taxonomy. It allows for an increase in its taxonomic resolution and assures that integrity is maintained by including a complete contingency tracking of annotations and assuring that the annotations remain internally consistent. 相似文献
257.
Silvia Spezzaferri Michal Kucera Paul Nicholas Pearson Bridget Susan Wade Sacha Rappo Christopher Robert Poole Rapha?l Morard Claudio Stalder 《PloS one》2015,10(5)
Planktonic foraminifera are one of the most abundant and diverse protists in the oceans. Their utility as paleo proxies requires rigorous taxonomy and comparison with living and genetically related counterparts. We merge genetic and fossil evidence of “Globigerinoides”, characterized by supplementary apertures on spiral side, in a new approach to trace their “total evidence phylogeny” since their first appearance in the latest Paleogene. Combined fossil and molecular genetic data indicate that this genus, as traditionally understood, is polyphyletic. Both datasets indicate the existence of two distinct lineages that evolved independently. One group includes “Globigerinoides” trilobus and its descendants, the extant “Globigerinoides” sacculifer, Orbulina universa and Sphaeroidinella dehiscens. The second group includes the Globigerinoides ruber clade with the extant G. conglobatus and G. elongatus and ancestors. In molecular phylogenies, the trilobus group is not the sister taxon of the ruber group. The ruber group clusters consistently together with the modern Globoturborotalita rubescens as a sister taxon. The re-analysis of the fossil record indicates that the first “Globigerinoides” in the late Oligocene are ancestral to the trilobus group, whereas the ruber group first appeared at the base of the Miocene with representatives distinct from the trilobus group. Therefore, polyphyly of the genus "Globigerinoides" as currently defined can only be avoided either by broadening the genus concept to include G. rubescens and a large number of fossil species without supplementary apertures, or if the trilobus group is assigned to a separate genus. Since the former is not feasible due to the lack of a clear diagnosis for such a broad genus, we erect a new genus Trilobatus for the trilobus group (type species Globigerina triloba Reuss) and amend Globoturborotalita and Globigerinoides to clarify morphology and wall textures of these genera. In the new concept, Trilobatus n. gen. is paraphyletic and gave rise to the Praeorbulina / Orbulina and Sphaeroidinellopsis / Sphaeroidinella lineages. 相似文献
258.
259.
260.
The canopy water relations of old-growth Douglas-fir trees 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
W. L. Bauerle T. M. Hinckley J. Cermak J. Kucera K. Bible 《Trees - Structure and Function》1999,13(4):211-217
We investigated whole tree water relations in 56–65 m tall, old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii trees within the Wind River Canopy Crane site, Carson, Washington, USA. We measured at predawn and solar noon the vertical
gradients in xylem pressure potential using a pressure chamber. On an Abies amabilis sapling located in the understory at the base of one of the study trees, predawn and solar noon xylem pressure potentials
were also measured. Xylem pressure potential data were measured from late June through early September 1996 on foliage sampled
from 1 to 64.5 m. Over this height gradient, predawn water potentials ranged from –0.23 to –1.10 MPa. Solar noon values showed
an even greater range (from –0.44 to –2.51 MPa). At predawn, the water potential gradient approached the theoretical hydrostatic
gradient (–0.0105 vs –0.010 MPa m–1). The gradient at solar noon was steeper (–0.0331 MPa m–1). Instantaneous stomatal conductances were not greatly different between young, sapling-sized and old-growth trees [0.094±0.033
(SD) vs 0.086±0.045 cm s–1, respectively]. Stomata of both size classes of trees appeared very sensitive to increasing vapor pressure deficits. A comparison
of stable carbon isotope values from the old-growth and sapling-sized trees indicated lower stomatal conductances in the old-growth.
This study provides sound documentation regarding the utility of the cohesion theory in the interpretation of water potential
gradients. This study also emphasizes inherent differences between sapling-sized and tall, old-growth trees.
Received: 10 January 1998 / Accepted: 12 October 1998 相似文献