全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4142篇 |
免费 | 324篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
4467篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 18篇 |
2022年 | 42篇 |
2021年 | 63篇 |
2020年 | 57篇 |
2019年 | 55篇 |
2018年 | 64篇 |
2017年 | 53篇 |
2016年 | 127篇 |
2015年 | 185篇 |
2014年 | 210篇 |
2013年 | 290篇 |
2012年 | 341篇 |
2011年 | 312篇 |
2010年 | 188篇 |
2009年 | 152篇 |
2008年 | 254篇 |
2007年 | 238篇 |
2006年 | 216篇 |
2005年 | 224篇 |
2004年 | 213篇 |
2003年 | 199篇 |
2002年 | 197篇 |
2001年 | 40篇 |
2000年 | 33篇 |
1999年 | 36篇 |
1998年 | 42篇 |
1997年 | 46篇 |
1996年 | 23篇 |
1995年 | 26篇 |
1994年 | 29篇 |
1993年 | 33篇 |
1992年 | 24篇 |
1991年 | 21篇 |
1990年 | 19篇 |
1989年 | 21篇 |
1988年 | 20篇 |
1987年 | 17篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 16篇 |
1984年 | 25篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 26篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 21篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 20篇 |
1976年 | 22篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1974年 | 22篇 |
排序方式: 共有4467条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
A porcine glucosephosphate isomeraseprocessed pseudogene has been isolated and sequenced. The pseudogene has several base substitutions as well as an insertion and deletions, and is 83% homologous to the corresponding cDNA. It contains an intervening sequence of 565 bp, is truncated at the 3 end, and is flanked by direct repeats of seven nucleotides. Fluorescent in situ hybridization to porcine metaphase chromosomes localized the processed pseudogene to Chromosome (Chr) 1q1.6-1.7. A (GT)14(AT)15 microsatellite was detected close to the processed pseudogene. 相似文献
42.
The immunohistochemical occurrence of sarafotoxin (SRTX), a snake venom peptide under strong evolutionary control, was investigated in the pulmonary diffuse neuroendocrine system (PDNES) of newborn cats and rats. By applying the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method on serial lung sections, we have demonstrated its distribution and colocalization with different endothelin (ET) isoforms. A light microscopic study revealed apparent immunostaining for SRTX in neuronal components and smooth muscle tissue and in neuroepithelial bodies (NEB), while isolated neuroendocrine cells (NEC) remain unlabelled. Comparison of the SRTX reactivity pattern with that of different ET peptides on adjacent lung sections showed colocalization of SRTX-b with ET-3 in NEB, intrapulmonary ganglion cells and nerve fibres, on the one hand, and with ET-1 in airway and vascular smooth muscle cells, on the other. These findings, in addition to the remarkable functional and structural similarities between SRTX and ET peptides, suggest a common evolutionary origin and biological significance of sarafotoxin and endothelins. Moreover, this is the first time that a toxic peptide has been demonstrated in the PDNES. 相似文献
43.
Frans A. Prins Ronnie van Diemen-Steenvoorde Jan Bonnet Ingrid Cornelese-ten Velde 《Histochemistry and cell biology》1993,99(6):417-425
Reflection contrast microscopy (RCM) of ultrathin sections was recently introduced as a sensitive technique for visualization with enhanced definition in immunogold histochemistry. Experience of using RCM as a major tool in immunocytochemical research in different fields is summarized, e.g. oncology, nephrology and embryology. The sensitive visualization of immunocytochemical labels, gold particles or peroxidase-diaminobenzidine deposits in or on ultrathin sections, by RCM instead of electron microscopy is demonstrated. RCM of ultrathin sections is an adequate light microscopical alternative for immunoelectron microscopy, since an overview of both label and tissue is obtained with a high image definition and high contrast of label. In the studies presented, RCM is shown to provide a better gradation in staining intensity and staining pattern than other light microscopical methods. Moreover, a precise localization of multiple labels is obtained with this method. Besides the applications shown, ultrathin section visualization by RCM is very useful for correlative light- and electron microscopical studies of fine structures. Commercially available fluorescence microscopes can be adapted for proper RCM functioning; an adaptation scheme and list of microscopes tested is provided. 相似文献
44.
The relative uptake rates of N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Al were estimated in beech seedlings pot cultured in the field in six acid soils (treatments). The relative uptake rates were compared with the relative growth rates. The relative uptake rates of N, K and Ca agreed well with the growth rates of the seedlings irrespective of widely differing soil conditions (acid sand-clayey till, pH 4–6). The relative uptake rates of P, Fe, and Al differed from that predicted by the growth rate. The uptake rates of Fe and Al were highest at the lowest growth rates, and the P uptake rate was lower than the growth rate in these treatments. Thus the P availability probably limited growth in an eluvial (E) horizon of a podzol, and possibly in the illuvial (B) horizon of a podzol and in an acid clayey till (Dystric Cambisol). Low P uptake was associated with a tendency towards higher relative root growth rates. In terms of the concept of steady state nutrition the high relative root growth rate in some treatments may be interpreted as an acclimation to low P supply. The P limitation seemed to be related to interactions among Fe, Al and organic compounds of the soil solution.FAX no: +4646104423 相似文献
45.
We conducted a set of in situ incubations to evaluate patterns of N availability among dominant land uses in the shortgrass
steppe region of Colorado, USA, and to assess recovery of soil fertility in abandoned fields. Replicated 30 d incubations
were performed in 3 sets of native (never cultivated), abandoned (cultivated until 1937), and currently cultivated, fallow
fields. Net N mineralization and the percentage of total N that was mineralized increased in the order: native, abandoned,
cultivated. Higher soil water content in fallow fields is the most likely reason for greater mineralization in cultivated
fields, while higher total organic C and C/N ratios in native and abandoned fields may explain differences in mineralization
between these land uses. Recovery of soil organic matter in abandoned fields appears to involve accumulation of soil C and
N under perennial plants, but probable methodological artifacts complicate evaluation of the role of individual plants in
recovery of N availability. Higher N mineralization and turnover in cultivated fields may make them more susceptible to N
losses; recovery of N cycling in abandoned fields appears to involve a return to slower N turnover and tighter N cycling similar
to native shortgrass steppe. 相似文献
46.
Brown Arthur V. Aguila Yolanda Brown Kristine B. Fowler William P. 《Hydrobiologia》1997,347(1-3):119-125
We examined macroinvertebrate communities in small(0.1-1.0 m2) pools of intermittent streams (alwayscontainingsome water but without perennial flow) with small watersheds(2-6 ha) subjected to five types of forest harvest to assesspotential impacts of the different harvest methods. Bufferstrips10 m wide were left on each side of the streams. Each harvesttreatment was coupled with a similar unharvested referencestand.An incomplete block design included three 0.05 m2 vacuumsamples from each treatment paired with three from theadjacentreferences. There was a high degree of similarity amongreferencesfor parameters other than taxonomic composition (e.g.macroinvertebrate density, number of species, Shannondiversity,functional groups, etc.). Statistically significantdifferenceswere found between references and treatments and among harvestmethods but the responses varied among response variables(density,Shannon-Weiner diversity, species composition), differentspeciesassemblages (all invertebrates, chironomids,Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera [EPT], isopods), andfunctional group categories (shredders, collector-gatherers).Wecollected 56 taxa, 7–16 per site, with low communitysimilarity(mean Jaccards=0.18, mean Bray-Curtis percentdissimilarity=81). The most severe harvest treatmentsresultedin the highest diversities of total invertebrates in thesesmallspring pool communities. 相似文献
47.
Roman Bo?a Peter Baran L'ubor Dlháň Hartmut Fuess Wolfgang Haase Franz Renz Wolfgang Linert Ingrid Svoboda Rüdiger Werner 《Inorganica chimica acta》1997,260(2):4119-136
The structure of the [Fe(bzimpy)2](ClO4)2·xH2O system (x = 0.25) was determined by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. The Fe(II) ion is hexacoordinated by six donor nitrogen atoms. The magnetic properties of the complex were investigated by powder magnetic susceptibility measurements and ESR. The freshly prepared sample does not show any traces of iron(III) impurities but these are formed as a function of time. After 1 year the sample contains 8.2% iron(III) as shown by UV spectroscopy and indicated by geff = 4.3 and 2.0 in its ESR spectrum. This explains the recorded ξ versus T behaviour at low temperature: with increasing temperature the ξ value decreases according to the Curie-Weiss law for a S = 5/2 system having an effective g = 4.3. Above 220 K a continuous increase in the ξ value is observed and a spin crossover applies. The spin transition is not complete at room temperature. A pronounced hysteresis is observed upon heating/cooling the sample between 220 and 414 K on the basis of magnetic data and infrared spectra. 相似文献
48.
Liedtke Christa; Polsakiewicz Monika; Hartmann Ingrid; Peters Petra; Volkmann Dieter; Scherer Gnther F.E. 《Journal of experimental botany》1997,48(6):1215-1221
The vacuolar membrane, the tonoplast, is a proteinrich membranehitherto only few proteins in it have been identified. As anapproach for the identification of tonoplast proteins by monoclonalantibodies (MABs), purified tonoplast from cress roots (Lepidiumsativum L.) were used for immunization and plasma membranesas a control membrane to test the absence of antigen. The MABTOP 35 identified a glycoprotein of about 35 kDa in purifiedtonoplast of cress roots. Triton X-114 phase separation showedthat it was a hydrophobic integral membrane protein. In immunocytochemistrythe MAB TOP 35 strongly labelled the vacuolar membrane. Theabsence of cell wall or plasma membrane labelling by TOP 35indicates a distinct biosynthetic pathway of this protein tothe vacuolar membrane in plants. Key words: Immnocytochemistry, Lepidium sativum, monoclonal antibody, secretion, vacuole 相似文献
49.
Amanda C. J. Vincent Anders Berglund Ingrid Ahnesjö 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1995,44(4):347-361
Synopsis Synopsis Pipefishes have rarely been watched in the wild and have never before been followed in their common seagrass habitats. This study explores the reproductive ecology of five species of pipefishes living in a Swedish eelgrass meadow during parts of four breeding seasons, tagging four of the species. Pipefish are remarkable for their specialised paternal care: only males aerate, osmoregulate and nourish the developing embryos. Two of the species (Entelurus aequoreus andNerophis ophidion) have simple ventral gluing of eggs on the trunk while three species (Syngnathus acus, S. rostellatus andS. typhle) have fully enclosed brood pouches on their tails. Males of the former species receive eggs from one female while males of the genusSyngnathus receive partial clutches from several females. Sex ratios of adults on the site differed from equal to male-biased to female-biased, according to species.S. typhle were most numerous and were resighted most often. They were present throughout the breeding season whereas there were temporal shifts in the presence of the other species on the meadow and in some sex ratios. Most species occurred in the deeper, denser part of the meadow but there was some habitat separation by species and sex. All species tended to stay low in the eelgrass, primarily coming up above the eelgrass to display and mate. No species showed site fidelity either to a home range or to the meadow, withE. aequoreus adults spending least time on the meadow. Sexual size dimorphism differed: males were larger inS. rostellatus, the same size inS acus and smaller in the other species. Although the species overlap in habitat requirements and breeding season, the only observed interspecific interactions were abortive courtships betweenSyngnathus species. 相似文献
50.
Marianne Borloo Koen Augustyns Alexander Belyaev Ingrid de Meester Anne-Marie Lambeir Filip Goossens Willy Bollaert Padinchare Rajan Simon Scharpé Achiel Haemers 《Letters in Peptide Science》1995,2(3-4):198-202
Summary A series of azaproline dipeptides with various N-substituents were synthesized as possible active-site-directed inhibitors of two proline-specific serine proteases, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and prolyl oligopeptidase. Compounds with semicarbazide, carbazate, acylhydrazine and sulphonylhydrazine structures were tested. Some compounds show moderate activity, i.e., in the millimolar range. 相似文献