Mycobacterium senegalense from bovines in Eastern Nigeria

M ohan , K. 1985. Mycobacterium senegalense from bovines in Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 59 , 277–281.
Detailed characteristics of three mycobacterial strains sharing important properties of Mycobacterium senegalense are described. Their physiological properties were compared with those of a typical M. senegalense strain described by Chamoiseau (1979), six strains of M. senegalense and one typical strain of M. fortuitum from the culture collection of Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers. The three Nigerian strains exhibited minor variations in their physiological properties when compared with other strains of M. senegalense . Unlike the strain of Chamoiseau the Nigerian strains did not utilize benzoate or citrate. The strains were also different from the other six strains of M. senegalense by utilizing trehalose and in failing to produce acid in mannitol. Unlike earlier isolates of M. senegalense the Nigerian strains were not from cases of bovine farcy but from cases with pathological manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis. They appeared to be intermediate strains between M. senegalense and M. fortuitum . These results raise doubts on the justification for giving specific rank to M. senegalense .     

Variation and inheritance of the arachin polypeptides of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary Variation in the arachin polypeptides of groundnut genotypes was observed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Three regions could be observed on the electropherogram. Region 1, corresponding to conarachin, did not show any variation; region 2, consisting of arachin acidic subunits, showed variation; region 3, containing the arachin basic subunits, did not show any variation. There are four varietal classes of arachin polypeptide patterns: class A comprised three acidic subunits of arachin of molecular weights 47.5, 45.1 and 42.6 kd and a basic subunit of 21.4 kd; class B, with three acidic subunits of molecular weights 47.5, 45.1 and 41.2 kd and a basic subunit of 21.4 kd; class C of an additive pattern of class A and class B; class D, of two acidic polypeptides of 47.5, 45.1 kd and the basic 21.4 kd subunit. Of the 90 genotypes studied, 73% belong to class A, 15% to class B and 6% each to class C and D. Analysis of F₂ seeds from a cross between class A and class B genotypes showed that the two polypeptides (42.6 kd and 41.2 kd) are coded by nonallelic genes and also revealed that class C and class D patterns arose as a result of hybridisation between class A and class B. A. monticola, the progenitor of A. hypogaea, showed a pattern similar to the additive pattern of class A and class B while some diploid Arachis species had the 41.2 kd polypeptide. Based on arachin polypeptide patterns the probable origin of A. hypogaea has been suggested.     

Nucleotide sequences of transfer RNA genes in the Pisum sativum chloroplast DNA

Summary Eight transfer RNA (tRNA) genes which were previously mapped to five regions of the Pisum sativum (pea) chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) have been sequenced. They have been identified as tRNA^Val(GAC), tRNA^Asn(GUU), tRNA^Arg(ACG), tRNA^Leu(CAA), tRNA^Tyr(GUA), tRNA^Glu(UUC), tRNA^His(GUG), and tRNA^Arg(UCU) by their anticodons and by their similarity to other previously identified tRNA genes from the chloroplast DNAs of higher plants or from E. gracilis. In addition,two other tRNA genes, tRNA^Gly (UCC) and tRNA^Ile(GAU), have been partially sequenced. The tRNA genes are compared to other known chloroplast tRNA genes from higher plants and are found to be 90–100% homologous. In addition there are similarities in the overall arrangement of the individual genes between different plants. The 5 flanking regions and the internal sequences of tRNA genes have been studied for conserved regions and consensus sequences. Two unusual features have been found: there is an apparent intron in the D-loop of the tRNA^Gly(UCC), and the tRNA^Glu(UUC) contains GATTC in its T-loop.     

STIMULATION OF BRAIN SEROTONIN SYNTHESIS BY DIBUTYRYL-CYCLIC AMP IN RATS

Cyclic AMP and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP, a derivative of cyclic AMP resistant to phosphodiesterase inactivation, were injected into the lateral ventricles of rats. These nucleotides did not change the level of brain 5-HT but increased the brain level of its principal metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Cyclic AMP was less potent than dibutyryl-cyclic AMP. Butyrate and 5′-AMP were inactive. The effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on 5-HT metabolism was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The rate of synthesis of 5-HT was measured by the rate of accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid after the transport of this acid out of the brain was blocked with probenecid. The rate of synthesis of brain 5-HT increased from 0-38 μg/g/h in control rats to 0-65 μg/g/h after dibutyryl-cyclic AMP. In addition cyclic AMP and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP markedly increased brain tryptophan, while AMP was inactive. Since brain tryptophan hydroxylase has a K_m for its substrate that is much higher than the concentrations of tryptophan normally present in the brain, it is likely that the increase in the rate of synthesis of brain 5-HT is secondary to the cyclic AMP induced increase in the levels of brain tryptophan. In vitro studies revealed that dibutyryl-cyclic AMP increased the uptake of radioactive labelled tryptophan into slices of rat brain stem and the formation of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.     

Studies on multiple polyploids inNicotiana

A trispecific hybrid combination ofNicotiana glutinosa-trigonophyllatabacum was successfully colchicine doubled, and multiple polyploids were raised. Chromosome complement was full (96) in most of the plants. Three of the fifteen plants studied showed chromosomal elimination of varying numbers.Six plants showed floral modifications, each of a different type; of these two were associated with chromosome loss, others were attributed to genome-cytoplasm interaction, or to genetic factors.Pollen fertility was good in almost all the plants but no capsule was set on them. On some plants parthenocarpic fruits developed easily and capsules were quickly set when back- or out-crossed.Several quadruple hybrid combinations were obtained and their survival capacity is reported. Difficulties in establishing, and possibilities of successfully utilising the multiple polyploids for breeding work are discussed.An abstract of this paper has been presented at the 3rd Tobacco Research Worker's Conference held at Madras from 13th to 15th September, 1962.     

Studies onGesonula punctifrons Stål (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae) attacking water-hyacinth in India

Résumé L'AcridienGesonula punctifrons St?l attaque la Jacinthe d'eau (Eichhornia crassipes) dans plusieurs parties de l'Inde et est adapté à un habitat aquatique ou semi-aquatique. Les œufs, pondus dans les pétioles des feuilles, éclosent en 3 à 4 semaines. Les larves se développent en 4 à 5 semaines et demi, avec 5 mues. Les adultes vivent au maximum 4 à 5 mois en s'alimentant seulement de Jacinthe d'eau. En essais de laboratoire cet Acridien se nourrit activement deCanna orientalis dont les tiges sont percées de trous pour la ponte par les femelles, mais aucun œuf n'est déposé. Quarante trois autres plantes d'intérêt économique ont été expérimentées: plusieurs d'entre elles ont été l'objet d'attaques légères à modérées. L'analyse de la littérature concernant les plantes-h?tes du genreGesonula et la distribution deG. punctifrons montrent que cette espèce s'est adaptée secondairement àE. crassipes. Bien que cet Acridien s'observe en grand nombre dans quelques régions, l'ensemble de ses dégats à la mauvaise herbe n'est pas suffisant pour assurer le contr?le de celle-ci.

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This research has been financed in part by a grant made by the United States Department of Agriculture under P. L. 480.     

Adaptability in enzymes

In studying inhibitors and activators of enzymes it has often been found that inhibitors act as activators when in very low concentrations and that certain activators (in suitable concentrations) show inhibition. Similar results were obtained in the present work in studying urease from soya bean in the presence of lead acetate. Lead acetate is normally an inhibitor of urease. It was found, however, that in small concentrations of lead acetate increase in the activity of urease occurs. On prolonging the time of the reaction inhibition develops and still later increased enzymatic activity again occurs. The results were elaborated statistically and are discussed in relation to the use of “adaptation” of urease in unfavourable conditions in reaction mixtures by the action of lead acetate.     

Ascorbic acid induces alkaline phosphatase, type X collagen, and calcium deposition in cultured chick chondrocytes

During the process of endochondral bone formation, proliferating chondrocytes give rise to hypertrophic chondrocytes, which then deposit a mineralized matrix to form calcified cartilage. Chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix mineralization are associated with expression of type X collagen and the induction of high levels of the bone/liver/kidney isozyme of alkaline phosphatase. To determine what role vitamin C plays in these processes, chondrocytes derived from the cephalic portion of 14-day chick embryo sternae were grown in the absence or presence of exogenous ascorbic acid. Control untreated cells displayed low levels of type X collagen and alkaline phosphatase activity throughout the culture period. However, cells grown in the presence of ascorbic acid produced increasing levels of alkaline phosphatase activity and type X collagen mRNA and protein. Both alkaline phosphatase activity and type X collagen mRNA levels began to increase within 24 h of ascorbate treatment; by 9 days, the levels of both alkaline phosphatase activity and type X collagen mRNA were 15-20-fold higher than in non-ascorbate-treated cells. Ascorbate treatment also increased calcium deposition in the cell layer and decreased the levels of types II and IX collagen mRNAs; these effects lagged significantly behind the elevation of alkaline phosphatase and type X collagen. Addition of beta-glycerophosphate to the medium increased calcium deposition in the presence of ascorbate but had no effect on levels of collagen mRNAs or alkaline phosphatase. The results suggest that vitamin C may play an important role in endochondral bone formation by modulating gene expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes.     

Lithium in drinking water and the incidences of crimes,suicides, and arrests related to drug addictions

Using data for 27 Texas counties from 1978-1987, it is shown that the incidence rates of suicide, homicide, and rape are significantly higher in counties whose drinking water supplies contain little or no lithium than in counties with water lithium levels ranging from 70-170 micrograms/L; the differences remain statistically significant (p less than 0.01) after corrections for population density. The corresponding associations with the incidence rates of robbery, burglary, and theft were statistically significant with p less than 0.05. These results suggest that lithium has moderating effects on suicidal and violent criminal behavior at levels that may be encountered in municipal water supplies. Comparisons of drinking water lithium levels, in the respective Texas counties, with the incidences of arrests for possession of opium, cocaine, and their derivatives (morphine, heroin, and codeine) from 1981-1986 also produced statistically significant inverse associations, whereas no significant or consistent associations were observed with the reported arrest rates for possession of marijuana, driving under the influence of alcohol, and drunkenness. These results suggest that lithium at low dosage levels has a generally beneficial effect on human behavior, which may be associated with the functions of lithium as a nutritionally-essential trace element. Subject to confirmation by controlled experiments with high-risk populations, increasing the human lithium intakes by supplementation, or the lithiation of drinking water is suggested as a possible means of crime, suicide, and drug-dependency reduction at the individual and community level.