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Raina Jain Sanjay Jha Hemanta Adhikary Prasant Kumar Vipul Parekh Anamika Jha 《Geomicrobiology journal》2014,31(1):82-90
An As-hypertolerant Alishewanella sp. GIDC-5 (Accession no. HQ659190) was isolated from an effluent treatment plant of the industrial area near Sachin, Gujarat (India). In vitro studies revealed that GIDC-5 can tolerate 18 mM of arsenite [As(III)] and 220 mM of arsenate [As(V)]. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of arsenite transporters [arsB and ACR3(1)] and arsenite oxidase gene [aioB]. Specific activities of arsenite oxidase and arsenate reductase, located on membrane and cytoplasmic fractions respectively, increased in dose dependent manner with arsenite concentration. Also, specific activities of antioxidant enzymes viz., catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase increased in presence of arsenite. Increased exposure to arsenite changes enzyme activities of the glycolysis, Krebs and glyoxylate branches dramatically. These results reveal that along with ars operon, metabolic adaptation and antioxidant activities participate in As(III) tolerance in Alishewanella sp. GIDC-5. 相似文献
63.
Anamika Upadhyay Sheela Srivastava 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2014,30(8):2273-2282
Bacterial systems have evolved a number of mechanisms, both active and passive, to manage toxic concentrations of heavy metals in their environment. The present study is aimed at describing the zinc resistance mechanism in a rhizospheric isolate, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Psd. The strain was able to sustain an external Zn2+ concentration of up to 5 mM in the medium. The strategy for metal management by the strain was found to be extracellular biosorption with a possible role of exopolysaccharides in metal accumulation. The attainment of equilibrium in biosorption reaction was found to be dependent on initial Zn2+ concentration, with the reaction reaching equilibrium faster (50 min) at high initial Zn2+ concentration. Biosorption kinetics of the process was adjusted to pseudo-first order rate equation. With the help of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, it was established that Zn2+ biosorption by the bacterium is a thermodynamically favourable process. 相似文献
64.
Anamika Craig J. Markin Manoj K. Rout Leo Spyracopoulos 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2014,289(18):12852-12862
Signal transduction within the DNA damage response is driven by the flux of protein-protein interaction cascades that ultimately recruit repair complexes to sites of damage. The protein RAP80 plays a central role in the damage response by targeting BRCA1/BRCA2 tumor suppressors to DNA damage foci through multivalent binding of Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Mutations within the high penetrance BRCA1/BRCA2 genes account for ∼20% of familial breast cancers. The genetic basis for the remaining cancers remains unknown, but may involve defects in binding partners for BRCA1 and BRCA2 that lead to impaired targeting to foci and a concomitant role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Recently, an in-frame deletion mutation (ΔE81) in a conserved region from the first ubiquitin interaction motif of RAP80 has been linked to an increase in chromosomal abnormalities. Using NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the N-cap motif within the α-helix of the first ubiquitin interaction motif from ΔE81 undergoes a structural frameshift that leads to abolishment of multivalent binding of polyubiquitin chains. Loss of this single glutamate residue disrupts favorable electrostatic interactions between RAP80 and ubiquitin, establishing a plausible molecular basis for a potential predisposition to cancer unrelated to mutations within BRCA1/BRCA2 genes. 相似文献
65.
Human intestinal bacteria have many roles in human health, most of which are beneficial or neutral for the host. In this review, we explore a more sinister side of intestinal bacteria; their role as traffickers in antibiotic resistance genes. Evidence is accumulating to support the hypothesis that intestinal bacteria not only exchange resistance genes among themselves but might also interact with bacteria that are passing through the colon, causing these bacteria to acquire and transmit antibiotic resistance genes. 相似文献
66.
Johann Schredelseker Anamika Dayal Thorsten Schwerte Clara Franzini-Armstrong Manfred Grabner 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(2):1242-1251
The paralyzed zebrafish strain relaxed carries a null mutation for
the skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) β1a
subunit. Lack of β1a results in (i) reduced membrane
expression of the pore forming DHPR α1S subunit, (ii)
elimination of α1S charge movement, and (iii) impediment of
arrangement of the DHPRs in groups of four (tetrads) opposing the ryanodine
receptor (RyR1), a structural prerequisite for skeletal muscle-type
excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. In this study we used relaxed
larvae and isolated myotubes as expression systems to discriminate specific
functions of β1a from rather general functions of β
isoforms. Zebrafish and mammalian β1a subunits quantitatively
restored α1S triad targeting and charge movement as well as
intracellular Ca2+ release, allowed arrangement of DHPRs in
tetrads, and most strikingly recovered a fully motile phenotype in
relaxed larvae. Interestingly, the cardiac/neuronal
β2a as the phylogenetically closest, and the ancestral
housefly βM as the most distant isoform to β1a
also completely recovered α1S triad expression and charge
movement. However, both revealed drastically impaired intracellular
Ca2+ transients and very limited tetrad formation compared with
β1a. Consequently, larval motility was either only partially
restored (β2a-injected larvae) or not restored at all
(βM). Thus, our results indicate that triad expression and
facilitation of 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) charge movement are common
features of all tested β subunits, whereas the efficient arrangement of
DHPRs in tetrads and thus intact DHPR-RyR1 coupling is only promoted by the
β1a isoform. Consequently, we postulate a model that presents
β1a as an allosteric modifier of α1S
conformation enabling skeletal muscle-type EC coupling.Excitation-contraction
(EC)3 coupling in
skeletal muscle is critically dependent on the close interaction of two
distinct Ca2+ channels. Membrane depolarizations of the myotube are
sensed by the voltage-dependent 1,4-dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) in the
sarcolemma, leading to a rearrangement of charged amino acids (charge
movement) in the transmembrane segments S4 of the pore-forming DHPR
α1S subunit
(1,
2). This conformational change
induces via protein-protein interaction
(3,
4) the opening of the
sarcoplasmic type-1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) without need of Ca2+
influx through the DHPR (5).
The release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via RyR1
consequently induces muscle contraction. The protein-protein interaction
mechanism between DHPR and RyR1 requires correct ultrastructural targeting of
both channels. In Ca2+ release units (triads and peripheral
couplings) of the skeletal muscle, groups of four DHPRs (tetrads) are coupled
to every other RyR1 and hence are geometrically arranged following the
RyR-specific orthogonal arrays
(6).The skeletal muscle DHPR is a heteromultimeric protein complex, composed of
the voltage-sensing and pore-forming α1S subunit and
auxiliary subunits β1a, α2δ-1, and
γ1 (7). While
gene knock-out of the DHPR γ1 subunit
(8,
9) and small interfering RNA
knockdown of the DHPR α2δ-1 subunit
(10-12)
have indicated that neither subunit is essential for coupling of the DHPR with
RyR1, the lack of the α1S or of the intracellular
β1a subunit is incompatible with EC coupling and accordingly
null model mice die perinatally due to asphyxia
(13,
14). β subunits of
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels were repeatedly shown to be responsible
for the facilitation of α1 membrane insertion and to be
potent modulators of α1 current kinetics and voltage
dependence (15,
16). Whether the loss of EC
coupling in β1-null mice was caused by decreased DHPR membrane
expression or by the lack of a putative specific contribution of the β
subunit to the skeletal muscle EC coupling apparatus
(17,
18) was not clearly resolved.
Recently, other β-functions were identified in skeletal muscle using the
β1-null mutant zebrafish relaxed
(19,
20). Like the
β1-knock-out mouse
(14) zebrafish
relaxed is characterized by complete paralysis of skeletal muscle
(21,
22). While
β1-knock-out mouse pups die immediately after birth due to
respiratory paralysis (14),
larvae of relaxed are able to survive for several days because of
oxygen and metabolite diffusion via the skin
(23). Using highly
differentiated myotubes that are easy to isolate from these larvae, the lack
of EC coupling could be described by quantitative immunocytochemistry as a
moderate ∼50% reduction of α1S membrane expression
although α1S charge movement was nearly absent, and, most
strikingly, as the complete lack of the arrangement of DHPRs in tetrads
(19). Thus, in skeletal muscle
the β subunit enables EC coupling by (i) enhancing α1S
membrane targeting, (ii) facilitating α1S charge movement,
and (iii) enabling the ultrastructural arrangement of DHPRs in tetrads.The question arises, which of these functions are specific for the skeletal
muscle β1a and which ones are rather general properties of
Ca2+ channel β subunits. Previous reconstitution studies made
in the β1-null mouse system
(24,
25) using different β
subunit constructs (26) did
not allow differentiation between β-induced enhancement of non-functional
α1S membrane expression and the facilitation of
α1S charge movement, due to the lack of information on
α1S triad expression levels. Furthermore, the β-induced
arrangement of DHPRs in tetrads was not detected as no ultrastructural
information was obtained.In the present study, we established zebrafish mutant relaxed as
an expression system to test different β subunits for their ability to
restore skeletal muscle EC coupling. Using isolated myotubes for in
vitro experiments (19,
27) and complete larvae for
in vivo expression studies
(28-31)
and freeze-fracture electron microscopy, a clear differentiation between the
major functional roles of β subunits was feasible in the zebrafish
system. The cloned zebrafish β1a and a mammalian (rabbit)
β1a were shown to completely restore all parameters of EC
coupling when expressed in relaxed myotubes and larvae. However, the
phylogenetically closest β subunit to β1a, the
cardiac/neuronal isoform β2a from rat, as well as the
ancestral βM isoform from the housefly (Musca
domestica), could recover functional α1S membrane
insertion, but led to very restricted tetrad formation when compared with
β1a, and thus to impaired DHPR-RyR1 coupling. This impairment
caused drastic changes in skeletal muscle function.The present study shows that the enhancement of functional
α1S membrane expression is a common function of all the
tested β subunits, from β1a to even the most distant
βM, whereas the effective formation of tetrads and thus proper
skeletal muscle EC coupling is an exclusive function of the skeletal muscle
β1a subunit. In context with previous studies, our results
suggest a model according to which β1a acts as an allosteric
modifier of α1S conformation. Only in the presence of
β1a, the α1S subunit is properly folded to
allow RyR1 anchoring and thus skeletal muscle-type EC coupling. 相似文献
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A comparative analysis on protein kinases encoded in the completely sequenced genomes of two plant species, namely Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa spp japonica cv. Nipponbare is reported in the current study. We have analysed 836 and 1386 kinases identified from A. thaliana and the O. sativa genomes respectively. Their classification into known subfamilies reveals selective expansions of the plant receptor kinase subfamily comprising of Ser/Thr receptor kinases. The presence of calcium dependent kinases, and potential absence of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase of the type found in other (non-plant) eukaryotes, are other notable features of the two plant kinomes described here. An analysis on domain organisation of each of the protein kinases encoded in the plant genome has been carried out. Uncommon composition of functional domains like nuclear translocation factor domain, redox sensor domain (PAS), ACT and lectin domains are observed in few protein kinases shared between the two plant species. Biochemical functions characteristic of the domains recruited in these protein kinase gene products suggest their mode of regulation by alternate cellular localisation, oxidation potential, amino acid flux and binding of carbohydrates. Occurrence of multi-functional kinases with diverse enzymatic modules, such as Transposases and peptidases, tethered to the kinase catalytic domain is another interesting feature of the protein kinase complement of the O. sativa genome. Co-occurrence of diverse nucleotide and carbohydrate binding domains with catalytic kinase domain containing gene products has also been observed. Putative homologues of protein kinases of A. thaliana that regulate plant-specific physiological processes like ethylene hormone response, somatic embryogenesis and pathogen defence have been identified in O. sativa genome as well. 相似文献
69.
C-phycocyanins, major biliproteins of blue green algae (cyanobacteria), widely used as colourants in food and cosmetics are known for their antioxidant as well as therapeutic potential. Recent claims indicating phycobiliproteins exert stronger photodynamic action on tumor cells than clinically approved hematoporphyrin derivatives motivate us to investigate the photodynamic action of two newly isolated C-phycocyanins from Phormidium [PHR] and Lyngbya [LY] spp, respectively in comparison with known C-phycocyanin from Spirulina sp. [SPI]. Photolysis of air saturated solutions of PHR, LY and SPI in the presence of 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl piperidinol (TEMPL) generated three line EPR spectrum characteristic of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPOL). The increase in intensity of the EPR spectrum with time of irradiation and decrease in intensity, in the presence of 1O2 quencher DABCO confirm the formation of 1O2. Photoirradiation in the presence of spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) generated EPR signal characteristic of O2(-) adduct. Efficiency of 1O2 generation is of the order LY > PHR> SPI. The yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is found to be 1O2>O2(-) indicating type II mechanism to be the prominent pathway for photosensitation by phycocyanins. 相似文献
70.
The type II fatty acid synthase pathway of Plasmodium falciparum is a validated unique target for developing novel antimalarials because of its intrinsic differences from the type I pathway operating in humans. beta-Ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase is the only enzyme of this pathway that has no isoforms and thus selective inhibitors can be developed for this player of the pathway. We report here intensive studies on the direct interactions of Plasmodiumbeta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase with its cofactor, NADPH, acyl carrier protein, acetoacetyl-coenzyme A and other ligands in solution, by monitoring the intrinsic fluorescence (lambdamax 334 nM) of the protein as a result of its lone tryptophan, as well as the fluorescence of NADPH (lambdamax 450 nM) upon binding to the enzyme. Binding of the reduced cofactor makes the enzyme catalytically efficient, as it increases the binding affinity of the substrate, acetoacetyl-coenzyme A, by 16-fold. The binding affinity of acyl carrier protein to the enzyme also increases by approximately threefold upon NADPH binding. Plasmodiumbeta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase exhibits negative, homotropic co-operative binding for NADPH, which is enhanced in the presence of acyl carrier protein. Acyl carrier protein increases the accessibility of NADPH to beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, as evident from the increase in the accessibility of the tryptophan of beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase to acrylamide, from 81 to 98%. In the presence of NADP+, the reaction proceeds in the reverse direction (Ka=23.17 microM-1). These findings provide impetus for exploring the influence of ligands on the structure-activity relationship of Plasmodiumbeta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase. 相似文献