江西省主要地方鸡种的RAPD分析及其群体遗传关系的研究

采用RAPD技术分析了南城黑鸡、余干五黑鸡、泰和乌骨鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡、崇仁麻鸡、宁都三黄鸡、广丰白耳黄鸡和万载康乐黄鸡等8个江西地方鸡种、1个培育鸡种--景德黄鸡以及1个外来鸡种--以色列隐性白羽鸡基因组池DNA的多态性,经OPERONA,B,C,D,G5组100种随机引物扩增筛选,14种引物获得了33个多态标记.各品种间的遗传距离指数的计算结果和UPGMA聚类关系图表明:在10个鸡种间,南城黑鸡和余干五黑鸡的遗传距离最近,两者有着极密切的亲缘关系.据此认为这两个鸡群可视为同一品种的两个地方系.此外,广丰白耳黄鸡和景德黄鸡也表现出较密切的亲缘关系,这与景德黄鸡在培育过程中曾掺有白耳黄鸡血缘的选育历史相吻合。 Abstract:Random amphfied polymorphic DNAs (RAPD) analysis was explored to investigate genetic polymorphisms of pooled genomic DNA from 8 native and 1 cultivated chicken breeds in Jiangxi province as well as 1 exotic chicken breed,which include Guangfeng baier huang,Jingde huang,Yugan wuhei,Nancheng hei,Congren ma,Taihe Silky Fowl,Ningdu san huang,Dongxiang green-shell,Wanzai kangle huang and Israel Recessive White Feather Fowl.of 100 OPERON random primers screened,14 primers produced 34 polymorphic RAPD markers.The genetic distance index and UPGMA dendrogram indicated that Nancheng hei and Yugan wuhei chickens had very closely genetic relationship,the genetic distance between the two populations was closer than any other pair of breeds.Therefore,the two chicken populations were suggested to be classified into one breed.In addition,Guangfeng baier huang and Jingde huang shown intimately relationship,it was consistent with the cultivation history of Jingde huang chicken breed,in which Guangfeng baier huang was introduced as one of parental breed.     

陕北黄土高原柠条灌丛穿透雨特征与影响因素

穿透雨是降雨再分配的主要组分,对干旱半干旱区的土壤水分补给和植被生长具有关键作用。灌丛穿透雨的影响机制特别是植被特征对穿透雨的影响需要进一步的定量研究,且目前对穿透雨空间异质性与聚集效应的研究相对较少。以陕北黄土高原典型灌丛—柠条为研究对象,于2016年对六道沟小流域柠条冠层下8个方位的穿透雨以及降雨和植被因子进行系统观测,分析穿透雨量、穿透雨率、穿透雨空间变异和聚集效应的变化特征,辨识影响穿透雨的主要降雨和植被因子,并建立相应的定量关系。结果表明:次降雨下柠条的穿透雨量、穿透雨率和空间变异系数平均值分别为11.88 mm、75.71%和21.80%。穿透雨量主要由降雨量决定,随降雨量增加而线性增加(R~2=0.99)。穿透雨率和空间变异系数主要受降雨量和降雨强度影响,穿透雨率随降雨量和I_30增加而呈对数增加(R~2=0.71和0.54),渐进值约为95%,而穿透雨空间变异系数则随降雨量和I_30增加而呈幂函数递减(R~2=0.71和0.60),稳定值约为10%。冠层厚度和枝倾角是影响穿透雨的主要植被因子,并分别呈显著的线性负相关和正相关(P0.05)。柠条穿透雨具有一定的聚集效应,平均发生频率为8.53%,且聚集效应在大雨量、高雨强和长历时降雨事件中更加明显。     

hβ2m/HLA-B2704双转基因小鼠的制备及β2m对HLA-B2704表达的影响

制备hβ2m HLA B2 70 4双转基因小鼠 ,研究hβ2m对HLA B2 70 4表达的影响 .通过hβ2m转基因小鼠和HLA B2 70 4转基因小鼠交配 ,出生动物及后代经PCR初步筛选 ,采用Southern杂交对经PCR初步筛选的hβ2m HLA B2 70 4双转基因阳性小鼠基因组DNA标本作进一步鉴定 .阳性者进行RT PCR和流式细胞光度术检测其在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达 .hβ2m阳性小鼠和HLA B2 70 4阳性小鼠交配 ,生仔鼠 6 7只 ,其中 2 8只仔鼠同时整合hβ2m和HLA B2 70 4基因 .Southern杂交证实 ,阳性鼠同时都含有hβ2m和HLA B2 70 4基因 .阳性小鼠的皮肤、结肠、睾丸和脾脏组织中均有HLA B2 70 4和hβ2m基因的mRNA表达 ,其外周血淋巴细胞膜上HLA B2 70 4基因的蛋白表达为 35 87% ,在HLA B2 70 4单转基因小鼠外周血淋巴细胞膜上HLA B2 70 4基因的蛋白表达为 7 87% (Histogramsta tistics) .成功地制备了hβ2m HLA B2 70 4双转基因小鼠 .在hβ2m HLA B2 70 4双转基因小鼠的外周血淋巴细胞膜上 ,HLA B2 70 4基因在蛋白水平表达较高 ,而在HLA B2 70 4单转基因小鼠中则表达不明显 .hβ2m可与HLA B2 70 4重链分子结合 ,稳定和增高其在淋巴细胞膜上的表达     

温度和体重对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饥饿代谢的影响

于1998年9月—12月对均重为3．64、1．69和0．52g三种规格的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹在15、20、25和30℃四种温度条件下的饥饿代谢进行了测定,以探讨体重和温度变化对代谢的影响。结果表明,耗氧率(Ro)和氨氮排泄率(Rs)都随温度升高而增大,随体重增大而减小,其关系式可分别表示为：Ro=0．1309We^0.0490T和Ro=0．4254W^-0.1999;Rs=3．3649e^0.0484T和RN=0．4400W^-2.900不同体重幼蟹在不同温度条件下的饥饿代谢率差异显,饥饿代谢率随体重的增大而减少,随温度升高而增大。同时,体重对能源物质的供能比有较大影响,三种规格的幼蟹,其代谢底物中蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪提供的能量比分别为6．4：41．8：518、6．7：27．8：65．5和7．3：43．8：48．9。     

URA3基因影响青蒿酸酿酒酵母工程菌中试发酵产量

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术已经被广泛应用于工程酿酒酵母的基因插入、基因替换和基因敲除,通过使用选择标记进行基因编辑具有简单高效的特点。前期利用CRISPR/Cas9系统敲除青蒿酸生产菌株酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 1211半乳糖代谢负调控基因GAL80,获得菌株S. cerevisiae 1211-2,在不添加半乳糖诱导的情况下,青蒿酸摇瓶发酵产量达到了740 mg/L。但在50 L中试发酵实验中,S. cerevisiae 1211-2很难利用对青蒿酸积累起到决定性作用的碳源-乙醇,青蒿酸的产量仅为亲本菌株S.cerevisiae 1211的20%–25%。我们推测因遗传操作所需的筛选标记URA3突变,影响了其生长及青蒿酸产量。随后我们使用重组质粒pML104-KanMx4-u连同90 bp供体DNA成功恢复了URA3基因,获得了工程菌株S. cerevisiae 1211-3。S. cerevisiae 1211-3能够在葡萄糖和乙醇分批补料的发酵罐中正常生长,其青蒿酸产量超过20g/L,与亲本菌株产量相当。研究不但获得了不加半乳糖诱导的青...     

硝酸银对雌性黄瓜植株三种氧化酶同工酶的影响

雌性黄瓜植株经硝酸银处理后其茎尖和真叶过氧化物酶活性极显著地增加,茎尖24小时、真叶36小时酶活性达到最大值,分别增加了178.2%和284.6%,随后酶活性逐渐下降,但酶活性仍然较对照植株高。多酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶的同工酶活性也增加。同时硝酸银能诱发黄瓜植株过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶产生新的同工酶, 用等电聚焦更能有效地观察新产生的同工酶。     

水杨酸对铜胁迫下菊芋的生理调控及根系FTIR分析

为阐明水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)对菊芋吸收铜的影响机理,以耐铜性差异较大的徐州菊芋(Helianthus tubeuosus)和潍坊菊芋作为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,探究外源SA对铜胁迫下菊芋的光合作用、叶片抗氧化系统及必需矿质营养元素吸收的影响,并对其耐铜机理进行探究。结果表明,300mg/kg铜胁迫抑制了两地菊芋光合电子传递效率和PSⅡ活性,对抗氧化系统产生损伤并造成膜脂过氧化,显著增加了根、茎、叶中铜含量,同时削弱了菊芋对钾、钙、镁和锌的吸收能力。喷施1 mmol/L外源SA可通过调控根系中各官能团的比例,加强其对Cu^(2+)的固定作用,促进矿质营养元素的吸收及渗透调节物质的积累,提高菊芋抗氧化和光合作用能力,有效缓解铜对菊芋生长的抑制作用。本研究初步揭示了SA对铜胁迫下菊芋的生理调控,可为种植菊芋修复土壤铜污染提供科学参考和依据。     

贵州阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌分布与功能

甲烷氧化菌是一类能够以甲烷作为唯一碳源和能量维持生存的微生物,其活动与生态系统中物质循环及能量流动密切相关。【目的】了解阿哈湖水库沉积物中甲烷氧化菌群落结构及代谢功能。【方法】采用宏基因组技术对环湖沉积物和湖心沉积物进行研究。【结果】水库沉积物中主要的好氧甲烷氧化菌是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter) (0.37%)和甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas) (0.12%),主要的厌氧甲烷氧化菌是Candidatus_Methylomirabilis (0.12%),属于NC10门细菌中的亚硝酸盐反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌,其中好氧甲烷氧化菌的pmoA基因为6.16×10⁷ copies/g,反硝化型厌氧甲烷氧化菌的16S rRNA基因为2.84×10⁷ copies/g。4种代谢的功能基因多样性表现为氮代谢>碳代谢>硫代谢>甲烷代谢,基于京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)基因库进行注释得到6大类功能,发现18条与碳(包括甲烷)、氮、硫代谢有关的完整代谢途径。主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)显示环湖沉积物与湖心沉积物之间的甲烷氧化菌种类和功能存在显著差异。影响甲烷氧化菌分布的主要环境因子为氧化还原电位、电导率和硫酸根。【结论】阿哈湖水库甲烷氧化菌以Ⅰ型好氧甲烷氧化菌为主,甲烷氧化菌群落代谢途径丰富,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌在对O₂的适应性上有显著差异。相关研究可为湖泊水生态环境的保护和微生物资源的开发利用等方面提供一定的理论支撑。     

Effects of elevated ozone concentration on methane emission from a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta,China

Few investigations have been made on the impact of elevated ozone (O₃) concentration on methane (CH₄) emission from rice paddies. Using open‐top chambers in situ with different O₃ treatments, CH₄ emissions were measured in a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta, China in 2007 and 2008. There were four treatments applied: charcoal‐filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), and charcoal‐filtered air with different O₃ additions (O₃‐1 and O₃‐2). The mean O₃ concentrations during the O₃ fumigation were 19.7, 22.6, 69.6 and 118.6 ppb in 2007 and 7.0, 17.4, 82.2 and 138.3 ppb in 2008 for treatments CF, NF, O₃‐1 and O₃‐2, respectively. The rice yields, as compared with CF, were reduced by 32.8% and 37.1%, 58.3% and 52.1% in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The diurnal patterns of CH₄ emission varied temporally with treatments and there was inconsistence in diurnal variations in CH₄ emissions from the paddy field. The daily mean CH₄ emissions were significantly lower in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 than those in treatments CF and NF. Compared with CF treatment, CH₄ emissions from the paddy field were decreased to 46.5% and 38.3%, 50.6% and 46.8% under treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in the whole growing seasons of 2007 and 2008, respectively. The seasonal mean CH₄ emissions were negatively related with AOT40 (accumulative O₃ concentration above 40 ppb; P < 0.01 in both years), but positively related to the relative rice yield (reference to CF; P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.001 in 2008), aboveground biomass (P < 0.01 in both years) and underground biomass (P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.05 in 2008). The decreased CH₄ emission from the rice paddy due to an increased O₃ exposure might partially mitigate the global warming potential induced by soil carbon loss under elevated O₃ concentrations.     

Melatonin,immune function and aging

Aging is associated with a decline in immune function (immunosenescence), a situation known to correlate with increased incidence of cancer, infectious and degenerative diseases. Innate, cellular and humoral immunity all exhibit increased deterioration with age. A decrease in functional competence of individual natural killer (NK) cells is found with advancing age. Macrophages and granulocytes show functional decline in aging as evidenced by their diminished phagocytic activity and impairment of superoxide generation. There is also marked shift in cytokine profile as age advances, e.g., CD3+ and CD4+ cells decline in number whereas CD8+ cells increase in elderly individuals. A decline in organ specific antibodies occurs causing reduced humoral responsiveness. Circulating melatonin decreases with age and in recent years much interest has been focused on its immunomodulatory effect. Melatonin stimulates the production of progenitor cells for granulocytes-macrophages. It also stimulates the production of NK cells and CD4+ cells and inhibits CD8+ cells. The production and release of various cytokines from NK cells and T-helper lymphocytes also are enhanced by melatonin. Melatonin presumably regulates immune function by acting on the immune-opioid network, by affecting G protein-cAMP signal pathway and by regulating intracellular glutathione levels. Melatonin has the potential therapeutic value to enhance immune function in aged individuals and in patients in an immunocompromised state.