The ecological integrity of the lower Olifants River,Limpopo province,South Africa: 2009–2015 – Part B: Tributaries of the Olifants River

Monitoring on the Lowveld reaches of the Olifants River, Limpopo River System, and its Steelpoort, Blyde, Klaserie and Selati tributaries was initiated in 2009. Analysis of the 2009–2015 data from four Olifants River sites showed deterioration in the river’s ecological condition between where it enters the Lowveld and where it enters the Kruger National Park, with a slight recovery within the Kruger National Park. Physico-chemical, aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish data collected in 2009–2015 at six sites on the Steelpoort, Blyde, Klaserie and Selati tributaries of the Olifants River corroborated the ecological condition of these tributaries. The Selati was the most polluted and was in a critically modified condition, whereas the Klaserie and Steelpoort were in fair condition and the Blyde was in good condition. The Selati appeared to have a significant negative impact on the water quality, macroinvertebrates and fish of the Olifants River within the Kruger National Park.     

Human health risks of metals and metalloids in muscle tissue of Synodontis zambezensis Peters, 1852 from Flag Boshielo Dam,South Africa

Muscle tissue from 63 Synodontis zambezensis collected bimonthly in 2013 at Flag Boshielo Dam were analysed for metals and metalloids in a desktop human health risk assessment. The Hazard Quotient, based on a weekly meal of 67 g of fish muscle, exceeded the maximum acceptable level of one for lead, cobalt, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and selenium. The concentrations of these elements were higher in 2013 than those recorded in 2009 and 2012 in other fish species from Flag Boshielo Dam and these may pose a long-term health risk if consumed regularly by impoverished rural communities reliant on fish as a source of protein.     

Detection of the 5382insC mutation in the human <Emphasis Type="Italic">BRCA1</Emphasis> gene with fluorescent labeled oligonucleotides

Analysis of genetic predisposition to cancer provides valuable information for early cancer detection or even prevention. The 5382insC insertion in the BRCA1 gene is the most frequent mutation among those associated with high breast cancer risk in women of East European origin. A method for 5382insC detection with fluorescent labeled allele-specific oligonucleotides in the Duplex Scorpion format has been developed. The method can be used under real-time PCR conditions as well as under the conditions of end-point fluorescence measurement following regular PCR. The adequacy of the method was demonstrated in the study of the 5382insC mutation frequency in breast cancer patients. A total of 564 genomic DNA samples from breast cancer patients were screened. Eleven patients (1.95%) were found to carry the mutation under consideration in the heterozygous state. The 5382insC allele frequency in the breast cancer patient group was 0.0098. The method is appropriate in clinical practice to detect individuals at high breast cancer risk, as well as in large-scale population studies.     

Synthesis and cytotoxic properties of 4,11-bis[(aminoethyl)amino]anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-diones,novel analogues of antitumor anthracene-9,10-diones

We developed the synthesis of a series of thiophene-fused tetracyclic analogues of the antitumor drug ametantrone. The reactions included nucleophilic substitution of methoxy groups in 4,11-dimethoxyanthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-diones with ethylenediamines, producing the derivatives of 4,11-diaminoanthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-dione in good yields. Several compounds showed marked antiproliferative potency against doxorubicin-selected, P-glycoprotein-expressing tumor cells and p53^?/? cells. The cytotoxicity of some novel compounds for P-glycoprotein-positive cells is highly dependent on N-substituent at the terminal amino group of ethylenediamine moiety. The cytotoxic potency of selected compounds correlated with their ability to attenuate the functions of topoisomerase I and telomerase, strongly suggesting that these enzymes are the major targets of antitumor activity of anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-dione derivatives.     

Catalytical properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arthrobacter nicotianae</Emphasis> cells,a producer of glucose isomerase,immobilized inside xerogel of silicium dioxide

Arthrobacter nicotianae cells, producers of glucose isomerase, were immobilized inside xerogel of silicium dioxide, and properties of the resulted heterogeneous biocatalysts were investigated in the process of isomerization of monosaccharide (glucose and fructose). The glucose isomerase activity of the resulted biocatalysts was shown to be 10 U/g, on average, taking into account the loss of the activity upon the immobilization, which amounted to 50% of the cell activity in suspension. The rate of the fructose isomerization increased linearly in the range of 55–80°C with the temperature coefficient 1.3. The biocatalysts were stable in this range; they were rapidly inactivated, however, at increasing temperature. The half-pife time of inactivation was six to seven h and five min or less at 80 and 85°C, respectively. The half-pife time of inactivation of heterogeneous biocatalysts was 50–90 h in the periodic process of isomerization of 2 M monosaccharides at 60°C in the presence of the immobilized Arthrobacter nicotianae cells.     

Molecular Implications of Repeated Aggression: Th,Dat1, Snca and Bdnf Gene Expression in the VTA of Victorious Male Mice

Background

It is generally recognized that recurrent aggression can be the result of various psychiatric disorders. The aim of our study was to analyze the mRNA levels, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain, of the genes that may possibly be associated with aggression consistently shown by male mice in special experimental settings.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The genes were Th, Dat1, Snca and Bdnf; the male mice were a group of animals that had each won 20 daily encounters in succession and a group of animals that had the same winning track record followed by a no-fight period for 14 days. Increased Th, Dat1 and Snca mRNA levels were in the fresh-from-the-fight group as compared to the controls. Increased Th and Dat1 mRNA levels were in the no-fight winners as compared to the controls. Significant positive correlations were found between the level of aggression and Th and Snca mRNA levels.

Conclusions

Repeated positive fighting experience enhances the expression of the Th, Dat1 and Snca genes, which are associated with brain dopaminergic systems. The expression of the Th and Dat1 genes stays enhanced for a long time.     

Multiparticle computer simulation of protein interactions in the photosynthetic membrane

The basic principles of the design of direct multiparticle models and the results of multiparticle computer simulation of electron transfer by mobile protein carriers in the photosynthetic membrane of a chloroplast thylakoid are presented. The reactions of complex formation of the plastocyanin with cytochrome f and the pigment-protein complex of photosystem I, as well as of ferredoxin with FNR and photosystem I are considered. The regulatory role of diffusion and electrostatic interactions as well as the effect of the shape of the reaction volume and ionic strength on the rate of electron transport are discussed.     

Comparative study of hepatoprotective action of remaxol, reamberin and ademethionine in liver injury induced by antituberculosis drugs (experimental study)

The hepatoprotective activity of remaxol, reamberin and ademethionine was studied on a model of the liver injury induced by antituberculosis drugs. The study included 30 male uninbred albino rats. The following antituberculosis drugs were used: isoniazid (50 mg/kg) subcutaneously + rifampicin (250 mg/kg) intragastrically + pyrazinamide (45 mg/kg) intragastically (by the procedure of Yu. I. Slivka, 1989). Remaxol, reamberin and ademethionine were administered 1.5 hour prior to the antituberculosis drugs. The treatment course was 14 days. It was shown that remaxol, reamberin and ademethionin were able to correct the structural and functional disorders in the liver due to the use of the antituberculosis drugs. By the impact on the biochemical indices, evident of the liver function condition, remaxol showed the maximum effect. The effect of ream-berin was somewhat lower and the results of the ademethionine use were less significant. Remaxol had also a distinct effect as for lowering the level of the structural injuries in the liver, evident from recovery of the organ histoarchitectonics, less extended carbohydrate, albuminous and fatty degeneration, more active intracellular regeneration. It was noted that ademethionine had an insignificant effect on necrobiosis. Moreover, there was once detected a large necrosis focus, evident of possible stimulation of the liver tissue alteration by the drug.     

Assessment of pharmacological activities of two medicinal plant of Bangladesh: Launaea sarmentosa and Aegialitis rotundifolia roxb in the management of pain,pyrexia and inflammation

Background

The current study aims at evaluating the analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic extract of the stem, bark and leaves of Launaea sarmentosa and Aegialitis rotundifolia roxb.

Results

The AELS and AEAR extract presented a significant (***p < 0.001) dose dependent increase in reaction time in writhing method and showed inhibition of 63.1% and 57.1% respectively at the doses of 400 mg/kg body weight while standard drug showed (P < 0.001) inhibition of 69.23%. In tail immersion method, AELS and AEAR showed maximum time of tail retention at 30 min in hot water i.e. 6.93 sec and 6.54 sec respectively at highest doses of 400 mg/kg body weight than lower dose while standard pentazocine showed reaction time of 7.62 sec. The AELS and AEAR extract also exhibited promising anti-inflammatory effect as demonstrated by statistically significant inhibition of paw volume by 32.48% and 26.75% respectively at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight while the value at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight were linear to higher dose at the 3^rd hour of study. On the other hand, Standard indomethacin inhibited 40.13% of inflammation (***P < 0.001). In Cotton-pellet granuloma method, AELS and AEAR extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited inhibition of inflammation of 34.7% and 29.1% respectively while standard drug showed (P < 0.001) inhibition of 63.22%. Intraperitoneal administration of AELS and AEAR showed dose dependent decrease in body temperature in brewer’s yeast induced hyperthermia in rats at both doses. However, AELS significantly decreased body temperature (***p < 0.001) at 400 mg/kg compared to control.

Conclusions

Present work propose that the methanolic extract of Launaea sarmentosa and Aegialitis rotundifolia roxb possesses dose dependent pharmacological action which supports its therapeutic use in folk medicine possibly mediated through the inhibition or blocking of release of prostaglandin and/or actions of vasoactive substances such as histamine, serotonin and kinins.     

Effects of double ligation of Stensen's duct on the rabbit parotid gland

Salivary gland duct ligation is an alternative to gland excision for treating sialorrhea or reducing salivary gland size prior to tumor excision. Duct ligation also is used as an approach to study salivary gland aging, regeneration, radiotherapy, sialolithiasis and sialadenitis. Reports conflict about the contribution of each salivary cell population to gland size reduction after ductal ligation. Certain cell populations, especially acini, reportedly undergo atrophy, apoptosis and proliferation during reduction of gland size. Acini also have been reported to de-differentiate into ducts. These contradictory results have been attributed to different animal or salivary gland models, or to methods of ligation. We report here a bilateral double ligature technique for rabbit parotid glands with histologic observations at 1, 7, 14, 30, 60 days after ligation. A large battery of special stains and immunohistochemical procedures was employed to define the cell populations. Four stages with overlapping features were observed that led to progressive shutdown of gland activities: 1) marked atrophy of the acinar cells occurred by 14 days, 2) response to and removal of the secretory material trapped in the acinar and ductal lumens mainly between 30 and 60 days, 3) reduction in the number of parenchymal (mostly acinar) cells by apoptosis that occurred mainly between 14–30 days, and 4) maintenance of steady-state at 60 days with a low rate of fluid, protein, and glycoprotein secretion, which greatly decreased the number of leukocytes engaged in the removal of the luminal contents. The main post- ligation characteristics were dilation of ductal and acinar lumens, massive transient infiltration of mostly heterophils (rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes), acinar atrophy, and apoptosis of both acinar and ductal cells. Proliferation was uncommon except in the larger ducts. By 30 days, the distribution of myoepithelial cells had spread from exclusively investing the intercalated ducts pre-ligation to surrounding a majority of the residual duct-like structures, many of which clearly were atrophic acini. Thus, both atrophy and apoptosis made major contributions to the post-ligation reduction in gland size. Structures also occurred with both ductal and acinar markers that suggested acini differentiating into ducts. Overall, the reaction to duct ligation proceeded at a considerably slower pace in the rabbit parotid glands than has been reported for the salivary glands of the rat.