Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of Hormaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) indicate Late Cretaceous tribal diversification

The aphid subfamily Hormaphidinae is a good candidate for the study of the evolution of insect – plant relationships. Most hormaphidine species depend on woody primary host plants and woody or herbaceous secondary host plants, and represent high host specificity, especially to their primary hosts. No detailed molecular phylogeny of Hormaphidinae has been reported, and the taxonomic positions of some taxa in this group remain unclear. To reconstruct major phylogenetic relationships and to understand the evolution of host association patterns for major lineages, we present the first detailed molecular phylogeny of Hormaphidinae, as inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences, using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. The monophyly of Hormaphidinae and its three traditional tribes was supported, and a sister relationship between Hormaphidini and Nipponaphidini was suggested. Most inner relationships within tribes were also supported, and some novel relationships were revealed. Two subtribes of Cerataphidini are proposed. Divergence times estimated using a Bayesian approach indicate that tribal diversifications occurred during the Late Cretaceous and were coincident with the appearance of their primary host plants. The current pattern of secondary host association for the three tribes may have evolved in different time ranges. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165 , 73–87.     

Paternal care behaviour of the giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) against ants

1. Although potentially vulnerable to predators, the offspring of subsocial insects are effectively protected by their parent(s). The female giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli lays its egg masses on the vegetation above the water surface in aquatic environments and the males supply the eggs with water and guard them against cannibalistic females until hatchling dispersal. Field observations showed that egg masses are attacked by ants if the attending males are not present. 2. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of paternal care by K. deyrolli against the ant Tetramorium tsushimae by means of four treatments: attending male with ant approach (WM‐WA); no attending male with ant approach (NoM‐WA); attending male without ant approach (WM‐NoA); and no attending male without ant approach (NoM‐NoA). 3. The rate of offspring survival was lower in the NoM‐WA group (45.3%) than in any other group, which showed similar offspring survival (WM‐WA = 80.4%, WM‐NoA = 75.1%, NoM‐NoA = 80.3%). Moreover, there were a total of 44 interactions between the attending male and ants in WM‐WA, and of these, a chemical compound was released by the attending male four times; this probably deterred ants from attacking because the ants went back to their colony. 4. In conclusion, the attending male can protect its eggs from ant predators and its care has an important role. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of Lethocerinae males protecting their egg masses from ants by means of physical and chemical defence.     

锂对铅引起的大鼠海马CA1区长时程增强效应（LTP）损伤的修复作用

应用离体脑片记录技术,记录大鼠海马CA1区的兴奋性突触后电位(EPSPs),研究了锂对铅引起的大鼠海马CA1区长时程增强效应(long-termpotentiation,LTP)损伤的修复作用。结果表明:对照组大鼠海马CA1区LTP幅度为194.42±14.05%(n=10);铅处理组LTP的幅度为147.06±9.55%(n=13);而锂加铅处理组LTP的幅度为193.45±14.91%(n=15)。与对照组相比,铅处理组LTP的幅度降低了47.36%,而锂几乎完全修复了铅对大鼠海马CA1区LTP幅度的损伤。锂和铅处理后对大鼠海马CA1区的双脉冲易化(paired-pulsefacilica-tion,PPF)都有一定的抑制作用,在脉冲间隔为50ms时,这种抑制效应最大:对照组为155.58±6.35%(n=7);铅暴露组为150.26±13.74%(n=8);锂加铅处理组为140.59±15.42%(n=8)。结果表明:锂对铅引起大鼠海马CA1区LTP的损伤有一定的修复作用。     

感应电治疗股外侧皮神经炎临床观察

目的:探讨感应电治疗股外侧皮神经炎的临床疗效.方法:将符合纳入标准的股外侧皮神经炎患者88例随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组在髂前上棘下10cm处进行肌肉注射维生素B 1100mg和B1 20.5mg治疗,治疗组用感应电治疗.结果:治疗一疗程后蚁走感、烧灼感、麻木感积分改善情况治疗组与对照组比较差异有显著性(p<0.01或<0.05),治疗二疗程后各症状积分改善情况治疗组与对照组比较差异有显著性(p<0.01或<0.05);治疗一疗程后及治疗二疗程后治疗组的临床疗效均优于对照组(p<0.01或<0.05).结论:感应电治疗股外侧皮神经炎疗效较好,值得临床推广.     

18 例维吾尔族膀胱阴道瘘临床分析

目的:探讨维吾尔族膀胱阴道瘘的病因、诊断及治疗措施。方法:对2006年6月～2011年6月新疆自治区人民医院泌尿外科经美兰试验和膀胱镜检查确诊的18例维吾尔族膀胱阴道瘘患者的病历资料进行回顾性的临床分析。17例患者行瘘修补术,其中12例(70.59%)经腹修补,5例(29.41%)经阴道修补。1例患者行双侧输尿管经皮造瘘术。结果:18例患者中,16例1次修补成功,1例2次修补后成功。术后随访1至12个月无复发。结论:阴道分娩难产在维吾尔族膀胱阴道瘘患者中最为多见,根据患者全身情况、瘘道大小及位置选择合适的手术路径,术前充分准备,术后严格管理,大大提高手术成功率。     

口腔修复膜植入预防腮腺手术后Frey综合征

目的：观察口腔修复膜（异种脱细胞真皮基质）植入对腮腺术后Frey综合征的预防作用。方法：我科近五年来施行的腮腺手术病人共75例,其中35例选择在皮瓣与腮腺床之间植入口腔修复膜,术后随访1-2年,以患者主观症状判断是否存在Frey综合征。结果：在未使用口腔修复膜的患者中,有29例（72．5％）出现Frey综合征的症状,在使用修复膜的患者中只有1例（2．9％）出现症状。两组之间有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论：口腔修复膜（异种脱细胞真皮基质）能有效预防腮腺手术后Frey综合征的发生。     

护理士官分子生物学常用实验技术备课体会

目的：通过精心备课,以提高分子生物学教学中护理士官学员的学习效果。方法：在护理士官分子生物学常用实验技术理论教学中,从备学员、备目的要求、备内容、备方法和备小结几方面做好充分准备。结果：教学准备充分,学员学习兴趣浓,热情高。结论：结合护理士官特点备课,可以提高学员学习效果。     

人乳头瘤病毒16E5突变与宫颈癌的研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(Humanpapillomavirus)HPV是发生宫颈癌的必要条件,人乳头瘤病毒16E5癌基因突变与宫颈癌的发生有密切的相关性。人乳头瘤病毒E5是一种转化作用的癌蛋白,是细胞膜或内膜整合蛋白。人乳头瘤病毒E5在感染的细胞中表达。主要在感染细胞克隆早期的繁殖,扩张中起重要作用。它干预生长因子受体,干扰周期蛋白和周期蛋白激酶,促进病毒癌基因转化,抑制抑癌基因表达,激活启动子促进病毒繁殖,并通过多种机制促使损伤细胞,通过细胞周期,使宿主细胞增殖,分化延缓,恶性化。E5基因变异意味着功能有可能改变,可能机体或细胞对病毒变异株的免疫能力,与宫颈癌的发生和HPV的嗜上皮性有关,因此对人乳头瘤病毒16E5基因变异的研究对于人乳头瘤病毒16在宫颈癌发病中的作用有着不可忽略的意义。本文对人乳头瘤病毒16E5突变株在宫颈癌组织中的作用及其基因突变的研究现状进行分析。     

Exploring the effects of gene dosage on mandible shape in mice as a model for studying the genetic basis of natural variation

Mandible shape in the mouse is a complex trait that is influenced by many genetic factors. However, little is known about the action of single genes on adult mandible shape so far, since most developmentally relevant genes are already required during embryogenesis, i.e., knockouts lead to embryonic death or severe deformations, before the mandible is fully formed. We employ here a geometric morphometric approach to identify subtle phenotypic differences caused by dosage effects of candidate genes. We use mouse strains with specific gene modifications (knockouts and knockins) to compare heterozygous animals with controls from the same stock, which is expected to be equivalent to a change of gene expression of the respective locus. Such differences in expression level are also likely to occur as part of the natural variation. We focus on Bmp pathway genes (Bmp4, its antagonist Noggin, and combinations of Bmp5-7 genotypes), but include also two other developmental control genes suspected to affect mandible development in some way (Egfr and Irf6). In addition, we study the effects of Hoxd13, as well as an extracellular matrix constituent (Col2a1). We find that subtle but significant shape differences are caused by differences in gene dosage of several of these genes. The changes seen for Bmp4 and Noggin are partially compatible with the action of these genes known from birds and fish. We find significant shape changes also for Hoxd13, although this gene has so far only been implicated in skeletal patterning processes of the limbs. Comparing the effect sizes of gene dosage changes to the variation found in natural populations of mice as well as quantitative trait loci (QTL) effects on mandible shape, we find that the effect sizes caused by gene dosage changes are at the lower end of the spectrum of natural variation, but larger than the average additive effects found in QTL studies. We conclude that studying gene dosage effects have the potential to provide new insights into aspects of craniofacial development, variation, and evolution.     

胆汁三烯结合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达、复性与纯化

目的：合成胆汁三烯结合蛋白（BBP）基因并在大肠杆菌中表达,获得重组BBP纯化制品。方法：根据天然BBP的基因序列和大肠杆菌偏好密码子设计并合成BBP基因的引物,PCR扩增优化的BBP基因序列,克隆至载体pEasy-T3;测序正确后,将该序列克隆至表达载体pET-32a上,构建表达质粒,转化至大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）pLysS,在IPTG诱导下表达融合蛋白;采用Ni柱纯化融合蛋白。结果：PCR扩增获得了优化后的BBP基因序列,构建了表达载体pET-32a-BBP;SDS-PAGE分析表明表达的融合蛋白相对分子质量为20×10^3,以包涵体形式存在,占全菌蛋白的40%以上;变性、复性后经Ni2＋柱纯化,获得纯度达98%以上的重组蛋白。结论：优化并合成了BBP全基因序列,获得了高纯度重组融合蛋白,为进一步鉴定其生物活性及筛选小分子的研究奠定了基础。