Chromosome‐level genome assembly of an important pine defoliator,Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera; Lasiocampidae)

Dendrolimus spp. are important destructive pests of conifer forests, and Dendrolimus punctatus Walker (Lepidoptera; Lasiocampidae) is the most widely distributed Dendrolimus species. During periodic outbreaks, this species is said to make “fire without smoke” because large areas of pine forest can be quickly and heavily damaged. Yet, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie the unique ecological characteristics of this forest insect. Here, we combined Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RSII single‐molecule long reads and high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) genomics‐linked reads to produce a high‐quality, chromosome‐level reference genome for D. punctatus. The final assembly was 614 Mb with contig and scaffold N50 values of 1.39 and 22.15 Mb, respectively, and 96.96% of the contigs anchored onto 30 chromosomes. Based on the prediction, this genome contained 17,593 protein‐coding genes and 56.16% repetitive sequences. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that D. punctatus diverged from the common ancestor of Hyphantria cunea, Spodoptera litura and Thaumetopoea pityocampa ~ 108.91 million years ago. Many gene families that were expanded in the D. punctatus genome were significantly enriched for the xenobiotic biodegradation system, especially the cytochrome P450 gene family. This high‐quality, chromosome‐level reference genome will be a valuable resource for understanding mechanisms of D. punctatus outbreak and host resistance adaption. Because this is the first Lasiocampidae insect genome to be sequenced, it also will serve as a reference for further comparative genomics.     

Active interfacial dynamic transport of fluid in a network of fibrous connective tissues throughout the whole body

Fluid in interstitial spaces accounts for ~20% of an adult body weight and flows diffusively for a short range. Does it circulate around the body like vascular circulations? This bold conjecture has been debated for decades. As a conventional physiological concept, interstitial space is a micron‐sized space between cells and vasculature. Fluid in interstitial spaces is thought to be entrapped within interstitial matrix. However, our serial data have further defined a second space in interstitium that is a nanosized interfacial transport zone on a solid surface. Within this fine space, fluid along a solid fibre can be transported under a driving power and identically, interstitial fluid transport can be visualized by tracking the oriented fibres. Since 2006, our data from volunteers and cadavers have revealed a long‐distance extravascular pathway for interstitial fluid flow, comprising at least four types of anatomic distributions. The framework of each extravascular pathway contains the longitudinally assembled and oriented fibres, working as a fibrorail for fluid flow. Interestingly, our data showed that the movement of fluid in a fibrous pathway is in response to a dynamic driving source and named as dynamotaxis. By analysis of previous studies and our experimental results, a hypothesis of interstitial fluid circulatory system is proposed.     

葛根芩连汤在模拟胃肠液中对微生物生长的影响

目的探究葛根芩连汤在模拟胃肠液中对微生物生长的影响。方法在模拟胃肠液中分别加入消化液10%量的金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、产气杆菌、黑曲霉、米曲霉、青霉和汉逊德巴利酵母,然后加入生药浓度为1 g/mL的葛根芩连汤水煎液,37℃恒温培养。分别在0、1、2和4 h吸取1 mL培养液做稀释平板计数。结果体外模拟肠液中,葛根芩连汤对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、产气杆菌、黑曲霉、米曲霉和青霉有较强的抑制作用,而对汉逊德巴利酵母的生长则为先促进后抑制,并且在2 h时对黑曲霉、米曲霉、青霉和汉逊德巴利酵母的抑制效果最显著;在模拟胃液中,葛根芩连汤对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、黑曲霉、青霉和汉逊德巴利酵母均有一定的抑制作用,而对产气杆菌无明显影响。结论葛根芩连汤在模拟胃肠液中对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、黑曲霉、米曲霉、青霉和汉逊德巴利酵母等均具有一定的抑制作用,在模拟肠液中对产气杆菌抑制作用明显,而在模拟胃液中对其抑制效果不明显。     

At3g53630 encodes a GUN1-interacting protein under norflurazon treatment

Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles, with more than 95% of their proteins encoded by the nuclear genome. The chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signals are critical for the nucleus to coordinate its gene expression for optimizing or repairing chloroplast functions in response to changing environments. In chloroplasts, the pentatricopeptide-repeat protein GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 (GUN1) is a master switch that senses aberrant physiological states, such as the photooxidative stress induced by norflurazon (NF) treatment, and represses the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs). However, it is largely unknown how the retrograde signal is transmitted beyond GUN1. In this study, a protein GUN1-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (GIP1), encoded by At3g53630, was identified to interact with GUN1 by different approaches. We demonstrated that GIP1 has both cytosol and chloroplast localizations, and its abundance in chloroplasts is enhanced by NF treatment with the presence of GUN1. Our results suggest that GIP1 and GUN1 may function antagonistically in the retrograde signaling pathway.

     

肺部微生物组通过炎症反应介导慢性阻塞性肺疾病转化为肺癌的研究进展

肺部微生物组存在于呼吸道和实质组织中,通过菌群紊乱、代谢产物、炎症反应、免疫反应、基因毒性等方面介导肺部损伤。随着肺部微生物组的深入研究,发现肺部微生物组的相关活动与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)和肺癌息息相关,能够促使COPD向肺癌的转变。本文主要介绍了肺部微生物组稳态及其通过炎症反应导致COPD和肺癌,重点探讨了肺部微生物组如何通过炎症反应介导COPD转化为肺癌,以期为COPD和肺癌的临床预防、优化治疗以及新型药物设计提供新的理论依据。     

The role of exosomal microRNAs in central nervous system diseases

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - MicroRNAs (miRNA), endogenous non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides long, regulate gene expression by mediating translational inhibition or mRNA...