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171.
Julio C. M. Rodrigues Ming Luo Frédéric Berger Anna M. G. Koltunow 《Sexual plant reproduction》2010,23(2):123-133
In sexually reproducing angiosperms, double fertilization initiates seed development, giving rise to two fertilization products,
the embryo and the endosperm. In the endosperm, a terminal nutritive tissue that supports embryo growth, certain genes are
expressed differentially depending on their parental origin, and this genomic imbalance is required for proper seed formation.
This parent-of-origin effect on gene expression, called genomic imprinting, is controlled epigenetically through histone modifications
and DNA methylation. In the sexual model plant Arabidopsis, the Polycomb group (PcG) genes of the plant Fertilization Independent Seed (FIS)-class control genomic imprinting by specifically
silencing maternal or paternal target alleles through histone modifications. Mutations in FIS genes can lead to a bypass in the requirement of fertilization for the initiation of endosperm development and seed abortion.
In this review, we discuss the role of the FIS complex in establishing and maintaining genomic imprinting, focusing on recent
advances in elucidating the expression and function of FIS-related genes in maize, rice, and Hieracium, and particularly including apomictic Hieracium species that do not require paternal contribution and thus form seeds asexually. Surprisingly, not all FIS-mediated functions
described in Arabidopsis are conserved. However, the function of some PcG components are required for viable seed formation in seeds formed via sexual
and asexual processes (apomixis) in Hieracium, suggesting a conservation of the seed viability function in some eudicots. 相似文献
172.
Corn samples were collected in 1999 from three departments of Entre Réos province, Argentina, and were surveyed for mould
contamination and natural occurrence ofFusarium mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and aflatoxins.Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent fungal species recorded at all departments. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A were not
found in any samples. Only one of the 52 corn samples analysed was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (17 μg/kg). Fumonisin B1 was found in 58 % of samples (range of positive samples: 47– 3,347 μg/kg), fumonisin B2 in 33.0 % (range of positive samples: 23–537 μg/kg) and fumonisin B3 in 25.0 % (range of positive samples: 24–287 μg/kg) of them. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins
in corn from Entre Ríos province, Argentina. Levels of fumonisins were lower than detected in other Argentinian provinces. 相似文献
173.
Corry-Anke Brandsma Machteld N Hylkema Barry WA van der Strate Dirk-Jan Slebos Marjan A Luinge Marie Geerlings Wim Timens Dirkje S Postma Huib AM Kerstjens 《Respiratory research》2008,9(1):17
Background
Smoking is the most important cause for the development of COPD. Since not all smokers develop COPD, it is obvious that other factors must be involved in disease development. We hypothesize that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a protective enzyme against oxidative stress and inflammation, is insufficiently upregulated in COPD.The effects of HO-1 modulation on cigarette smoke induced inflammation and emphysema were tested in a smoking mouse model.Methods
Mice were either exposed or sham exposed to cigarette smoke exposure for 20 weeks. Cobalt protoporphyrin or tin protoporphyrin was injected during this period to induce or inhibit HO-1 activity, respectively. Afterwards, emphysema development, levels of inflammatory cells and cytokines, and the presence of B-cell infiltrates in lung tissue were analyzed.Results
Smoke exposure induced emphysema and increased the numbers of inflammatory cells and numbers of B-cell infiltrates, as well as the levels of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue. HO-1 modulation had no effects on smoke induced emphysema development, or the increases in neutrophils and macrophages and inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, HO-1 induction prevented the development of smoke induced B-cell infiltrates and increased the levels of CD4+CD25+ T cells and Foxp3 positive cells in the lungs. Additionally, the CD4+CD25+ T cells correlated positively with the number of Foxp3 positive cells in lung tissue, indicating that these cells were regulatory T cells.Conclusion
These results support the concept that HO-1 expression influences regulatory T cells and indicates that this mechanism is involved in the suppression of smoke induced B-cell infiltrates. The translation of this interaction to human COPD should now be pursued. 相似文献174.
Involvement of the amino-terminal beta-hairpin of the Aspergillus ribotoxins on the interaction with membranes and nonspecific ribonuclease activity
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García-Ortega L Lacadena J Mancheño JM Oñaderra M Kao R Davies J Olmo N Pozo AM Gavilanes JG 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2001,10(8):1658-1668
Ribotoxins are a family of potent cytotoxic proteins from Aspergillus whose members display a high sequence identity (85% for about 150 amino acid residues). The three-dimensional structures of two of these proteins, alpha-sarcin and restrictocin, are known. They interact with phospholipid bilayers, according to their ability to enter cells, and cleave a specific phosphodiester bond in the large subunit of ribosome thus inhibiting protein biosynthesis. Two nonconservative sequence changes between these proteins are located at the amino-terminal beta-hairpin of alpha-sarcin, a characteristic structure that is absent in other nontoxic structurally related microbial RNases. These two residues of alpha-sarcin, Lys 11 and Thr 20, have been substituted with the equivalent amino acids in restrictocin. The single mutants (K11L and T20D) and the corresponding K11L/T20D double mutant have been produced in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The spectroscopic characterization of the purified proteins reveals that the overall native structure is preserved. The ribonuclease and lipid-perturbing activities of the three mutants and restrictocin have been evaluated and compared with those of alpha-sarcin. These proteins exhibit the same ability to specifically inactivate ribosomes, although they show different activity against nonspecific substrate analogs such as poly(A). The mutant variant K11L and restrictocin display a lower phospholipid-interacting ability correlated with a decreased cytotoxicity. The results obtained are interpreted in terms of the involvement of the amino-terminal beta-hairpin in the interaction with both membranes and polyadenylic acid. 相似文献
175.
AflatoxigenicAspergillus flavus andAspergillus parasiticus were subjected to solid substrate fermentation process for 6 days to determine the formation of aflatoxins and production
of extracellular enzymes (amyloglucosidase, cellulase, invertase and proteinase). Both organisms produced enzymes which generally
increased with fermentation.Aspergillus flavus produced four enzymes whereasA. parasiticus produced three with no proteinase activity.Aspergillus parasiticus produced aflatoxins B1, B2 and G1 but no G2 andA. flavus produced aflatoxins B1 and B2. Invertase showed the highest activity withA. parasiticus and that corresponded with the highest total toxin produced. The enzyme activities were higher withA. parasiticus thanA. flavus although total toxins produced byA. parasiticus were lower than total toxins produced byA. flavus under the same environmental conditions. 相似文献
176.
SE?Aleshin AV?Timofeev MV?Khoretonenko LG?Zakharova GV?Pashvykina JR?Stephenson AM?Shneider AD?AltsteinEmail author 《BMC microbiology》2005,5(1):45
Background
Heterologous prime-boost immunization protocols using different gene expression systems have proven to be successful tools in protecting against various diseases in experimental animal models. The main reason for using this approach is to exploit the ability of expression cassettes to prime or boost the immune system in different ways during vaccination procedures. The purpose of the project was to study the ability of recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) and bacterial plasmid, both carrying the NS1 gene from tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus under the control of different promoters, to protect mice against lethal challenge using a heterologous prime-boost vaccination protocol. 相似文献177.
Guillaume Laval Nathalie Iannuccelli Christian Legault Denis Milan Martien AM Groenen Elisabetta Giuffra Leif Andersson Peter H Nissen Claus B J?rgensen Petra Beeckmann Hermann Geldermann Jean-Louis Foulley Claude Chevalet Louis Ollivier 《遗传、选种与进化》2000,32(2):187-203
A set of eleven pig breeds originating from six European countries, and including a small sample of wild pigs, was chosen for this study of genetic diversity. Diversity was evaluated on the basis of 18 microsatellite markers typed over a total of 483 DNA samples collected. Average breed heterozygosity varied from 0.35 to 0.60. Genotypic frequencies generally agreed with Hardy-Weinberg expectations, apart from the German Landrace and Schwäbisch-Hällisches breeds, which showed significantly reduced heterozygosity. Breed differentiation was significant as shown by the high among-breed fixation index (overall FST = 0.27), and confirmed by the clustering based on the genetic distances between individuals, which grouped essentially all individuals in 11 clusters corresponding to the 11 breeds. The genetic distances between breeds were first used to construct phylogenetic trees. The trees indicated that a genetic drift model might explain the divergence of the two German breeds, but no reliable phylogeny could be inferred among the remaining breeds. The same distances were also used to measure the global diversity of the set of breeds considered, and to evaluate the marginal loss of diversity attached to each breed. In that respect, the French Basque breed appeared to be the most "unique" in the set considered. This study, which remains to be extended to a larger set of European breeds, indicates that using genetic distances between breeds of farm animals in a classical taxonomic approach may not give clear resolution, but points to their usefulness in a prospective evaluation of diversity. 相似文献
178.
Te Riele JA Piek JJ Mudra H Hamm CW Schofer J Bertrand M Rutsch W Beekman JA Veldhof S Eijgelshoven MH Serruys PW 《International journal of cardiovascular interventions》2000,3(2):97-104
BACKGROUND: The DUET Study is a multicenter prospective efficacy and safety evaluation of the ACS MULTI-LINK DUET coronary stainless steel balloon-expandable stent. AIMS: The primary objective was to determine the one-month incidence of MACE (major adverse cardiac events). The secondary objectives were the acute success rate, the restenosis and reocclusion rates (assessed by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA)) at six months and the occurrence of MACE in hospital and at six months. METHODS: Two hundred and ten patients were enrolled between February and June 1998 in 18 European centers. Successful stent placement was achieved in 209 patients. All patients were treated with ticlopidine 500 mg/day for one month and with aspirin >/=100 mg/day. To allow the investigators to gain familiarity with the stent system, the first one to three patients per center formed a separate lead-in population leaving an intention-to-treat population of 157 patients. The majority of the intention-to-treat population were male (79%); 28% had unstable angina, 69% had stable angina, 44% had had a previous myocardial infarction, 15% had had a previous percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and 3% had a history of stroke. The target vessel was 38.5% left anterior descending artery, 20.5% left circumflex artery and 41.0% right coronary artery. RESULTS: All but one of the intention-to-treat patients were effectively stented (17 required multiple stents). Six-month angiographic follow-up was available in 90% of the intention-to-treat population. Minimal lumen diameter (MLD) postprocedure was 2.61 +/- 0.33 mm, with a residual diameter stenosis of 16%. Six-month follow-up data showed an MLD of 1.87 +/- 0.56 mm with a residual diameter stenosis of 36%. The binary restenosis rate (>/=50% residual stenosis) was 15.6%. Up to one month following the procedure 94.9% of the population was MACE-free, with two subacute occlusions. At six months all patients were alive, of whom 82.8% were MACE-free, and 73% were free of anginal complaints. CONCLUSION: The results observed in the current DUET registry are comparable to data of other balloon-expandable-stent trials, with a low incidence of clinical events at follow-up. 相似文献
179.
Sterigmatocystin (STG) is a toxic metabolite produced by severalAspergillus species. Because of its toxic and carcinogenic properties the occurrence of STG in food is considered to represent a potential
hazard to man. The present study was designed to investigate following points:
相似文献
1 | A survey of STG incidence in Ras cheese on local markets. Ras cheese samples were collected from Cairo, Giza and Kalubia governorates. Thirty five percent of the samples contained the toxin with a mean value of 22.23 μg /kg |
2 | Fate of STG contaminating milk during Ras cheese processing. Milk was artificially contaminated with 125 μg/kg and processed into Ras cheese. Eighty percent of the toxin was distributed into the curd and 20% into the whey. Cheese ripening effected toxin content and the effect was temperature dependent. At 6°C: toxin concentration was slightly affected; at 20°C the toxin was reduced by 16% after 90 days when low toxin concentration was used. |
3 | Formation of STG byA versicolor mold on Ras cheese. Ras cheese blocks were contaminated with spores of the mold. Toxin production started after 45 days of ripening and reached a maximum at 90 days and then declined. Cow’s milk favoured toxin production over buffaloe’s. Aged cheese inhibited toxin production. |
180.
Grapevine yellow speckle viroid: structural features of a new viroid group. 总被引:12,自引:7,他引:5
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A single stranded circular RNA was isolated from grapevines infected with yellow speckle disease. The RNA which we have called grapevine yellow speckle viroid (GYSV), contains 367 nucleotide residues and has the potential to form the rod-like secondary structure characteristic of viroids. GYSV has 37% sequence homology with the recently described apple scar skin viroid (ASSV; 330 residues) and has some sequence homology with the viroids in the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) group. The sequence of GYSV has characteristics which fit the structural domains described for the PSTV group. However, GYSV lacks the PSTV central conserved sequence. Instead, there is a conserved sequence in the central region of GYSV and ASSV which has the potential to form a stem loop configuration and a stable palindromic structure as does the central conserved region of the PSTV group. These structural features suggest there is a different central conserved region for GYSV and ASSV. The results support the viroid nature of GYSV and its inclusion into a separate viroid group which we suggest should be represented by ASSV. 相似文献