全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1010篇 |
免费 | 45篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 12篇 |
2021年 | 13篇 |
2020年 | 7篇 |
2019年 | 8篇 |
2018年 | 9篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 14篇 |
2015年 | 39篇 |
2014年 | 49篇 |
2013年 | 76篇 |
2012年 | 69篇 |
2011年 | 65篇 |
2010年 | 30篇 |
2009年 | 22篇 |
2008年 | 48篇 |
2007年 | 62篇 |
2006年 | 54篇 |
2005年 | 57篇 |
2004年 | 64篇 |
2003年 | 72篇 |
2002年 | 65篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 9篇 |
1998年 | 13篇 |
1997年 | 11篇 |
1996年 | 16篇 |
1995年 | 15篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有1055条查询结果,搜索用时 78 毫秒
71.
Whole chloroplast genome comparison of rice,maize, and wheat: implications for chloroplast gene diversification and phylogeny of cereals 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The fully sequenced chloroplast genomes of maize (subfamily Panicoideae), rice (subfamily Bambusoideae), and wheat (subfamily Pooideae) provide the unique opportunity to investigate the evolution of chloroplast genes and genomes in the grass family (Poaceae) by whole-genome comparison. Analyses of nucleotide sequence variations in 106 cereal chloroplast genes with tobacco sequences as the outgroup suggested that (1) most of the genic regions of the chloroplast genomes of maize, rice, and wheat have evolved at similar rates; (2) RNA genes have highly conservative evolutionary rates relative to the other genes; (3) photosynthetic genes have been under strong purifying selection; (4) between the three cereals, 14 genes which account for about 28% of the genic region have evolved with heterogeneous nucleotide substitution rates; and (5) rice genes tend to have evolved more slowly than the others at loci where rate heterogeneity exists. Although the mechanism that underlies chloroplast gene diversification is complex, our analyses identified variation in nonsynonymous substitution rates as a genetic force that generates heterogeneity, which is evidence of selection in chloroplast gene diversification at the intrafamilial level. Phylogenetic trees constructed with the variable nucleotide sites of the chloroplast genes place maize basal to the rice-wheat clade, revealing a close relationship between the Bambusoideae and Pooideae. 相似文献
72.
Most of the sophisticated methods to estimate evolutionary divergence between DNA sequences assume that the two sequences have evolved with the same pattern of nucleotide substitution after their divergence from their most recent common ancestor (homogeneity assumption). If this assumption is violated, the evolutionary distance estimated will be biased, which may result in biased estimates of divergence times and substitution rates, and may lead to erroneous branching patterns in the inferred phylogenies. Here we present a simple modification for existing distance estimation methods to relax the assumption of the substitution pattern homogeneity among lineages when analyzing DNA and protein sequences. Results from computer simulations and empirical data analyses for human and mouse genes are presented to demonstrate that the proposed modification reduces the estimation bias considerably and that the modified method performs much better than the LogDet methods, which do not require the homogeneity assumption in estimating the number of substitutions per site. We also discuss the relationship of the substitution and mutation rate estimates when the substitution pattern is not the same in the lineages leading to the two sequences compared. 相似文献
73.
Tada Y O-Wang J Takiguchi Y Tatsumi K Kuriyama T Okada S Tokuhisa T Sakiyama S Tagawa M 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2002,169(5):2241-2245
Fas ligand (FasL)-expressing tumor cells are found to effectively mediate rejection of the coinoculated FasL negative parental cells while having no effect on the growth of histologically distinct tumor cells. These observations indicate that FasL induces a specific immune response against Ag derived from FasL-bearing tumors and suggest a possible role for FasL in tumor Ag presentation. Indeed, tumor cells expressing FasL can efficiently interact with dendritic cells (DCs) and this interaction requires the expression of membrane-bound FasL on tumors and Fas on DCs. Moreover, DCs cocultured with FasL-expressing tumors are able to elicit a tumor-specific immune response in vivo, suggesting that DCs acquire tumor Ag during the Fas/FasL-mediated DC-tumor contact. These results identify a novel role for FasL in augmenting tumor-DC interactions and subsequent tumor Ag acquisition by DCs, and suggest that FasL-expressing tumor cells could be used to generate tumor-specific DC vaccines. 相似文献
74.
Characterization of two noncellulosomal subunits,ArfA and BgaA,from Clostridium cellulovorans that cooperate with the cellulosome in plant cell wall degradation 下载免费PDF全文
Plant cell wall degradation by Clostridium cellulovorans requires the cooperative activity of its cellulases and hemicellulases. To characterize the alpha-L-arabinosidases that are involved in hemicellulose degradation, we screened the C. cellulovorans genomic library for clones with alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase or alpha-L-arabinopyranosidase activity, and two clones utilizing different substrates were isolated. The genes from the two clones, arfA and bgaA, encoded proteins of 493 and 659 amino acids with molecular weights of 55,731 and 76,414, respectively, and were located on neighboring loci. The amino acid sequences for ArfA and BgaA were related to alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-galactosidase, respectively, which are classified as family 51 and family 42 glycosyl hydrolases, respectively. Recombinant ArfA (rArfA) had high activity for p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinofuranoside, arabinoxylan, and arabinan but not for p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinopyranoside. On the other hand, recombinant BgaA (rBgaA) hydrolyzed not only p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinopyranoside but also p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside. However, when the affinities of rBgaA for p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-arabinopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside were compared, the K(m) values were 1.51 and 6.06 mM, respectively, suggesting that BgaA possessed higher affinity for alpha-L-arabinopyranose residues than for beta-D-galactopyranoside residues and possessed a novel enzymatic property for a family 42 beta-galactosidase. Activity staining analyses revealed that ArfA and BgaA were located exclusively in the noncellulosomal fraction. When rArfA and rBgaA were incubated with beta-1,4-xylanase A (XynA), a cellulosomal enzyme from C. cellulovorans, on plant cell wall polymers, the plant cell wall-degrading activity was synergistically increased compared with that observed with XynA alone. These results indicate that, to obtain effective plant cell wall degradation, there is synergy between noncellulosomal and cellulosomal subunits. 相似文献
75.
Fukami H Asakura T Hirano H Abe K Shimomura K Yamakawa T 《Plant & cell physiology》2002,43(9):1054-1058
In Atropa belladonna hairy roots, exogeneously added salicylic acid (SA) is converted to methyl salicylate (MSA) through the reaction, which might be catalysed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine: salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT). Here we cloned a cDNA for A. belladonna SAMT (AbSAMT1), which consisted of 357 aa residues. It was expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant AbSAMT1 showed SAMT activity. When A. belladonna hairy roots were exposed to a high concentration of SA, AbSAMT1 mRNA begins to be expressed 12 h after the exposure, and steady expression continued over 144 h. 相似文献
76.
Kazuo Sasaki Tatsuaki Ishise Koichiro Shimomura Toshihiro Kobayashi Yoshikatsuo Matsubayashi Youji Sakagami Hironori Umetsu Hiroshi Kamada 《Plant Growth Regulation》2002,36(1):87-90
Phytosulfokine (PSK)- is a sulphated pentapeptide, isolated fromthe medium of cultured Asparagus officinalis mesophyllcells, that promotes cell proliferation. It is a putative key factor inconditioned medium required for the growth of low-density plant cell cultures.The present study investigates the effect of PSK- on growth and tropanealkaloid production in Atropa belladonna hairy rootstransformed with Agrobacterium
rhizogenes (MAFF 03-01724). Although the growth rates ofhairy roots cultured in medium with orwithout PSK- for 4 weeks did not show any differences, the productivityof tropane alkaloids, especially of hyoscyamine, was enhanced by10–7 or 10–8 M PSK-. Inaddition, the content of tropane alkaloids in transformed roots treated withPSK- was 1.4 times higher than that of untreated roots after 4 weeks ofculture. The time course of growth and tropane alkaloid production inAtropa belladonna transformed roots suggested thatPSK- influenced the growth of transformed roots during the activegrowingphase, but not tropane alkaloid production. 相似文献
77.
78.
79.
Seki Y Inoue H Nagata N Hayashi K Fukuyama S Matsumoto K Komine O Hamano S Himeno K Inagaki-Ohara K Cacalano N O'Garra A Oshida T Saito H Johnston JA Yoshimura A Kubo M 《Nature medicine》2003,9(8):1047-1054
Members of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family are involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. SOCS-3 is predominantly expressed in T-helper type 2 (T(H)2) cells, but its role in T(H)2-related allergic diseases remains to be investigated. In this study we provide a strong correlation between SOCS-3 expression and the pathology of asthma and atopic dermatitis, as well as serum IgE levels in allergic human patients. SOCS-3 transgenic mice showed increased T(H)2 responses and multiple pathological features characteristic of asthma in an airway hypersensitivity model system. In contrast, dominant-negative mutant SOCS-3 transgenic mice, as well as mice with a heterozygous deletion of Socs3, had decreased T(H)2 development. These data indicate that SOCS-3 has an important role in regulating the onset and maintenance of T(H)2-mediated allergic immune disease, and suggest that SOCS-3 may be a new therapeutic target for the development of antiallergic drugs. 相似文献
80.
NRSF regulates the fetal cardiac gene program and maintains normal cardiac structure and function 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1