Clinical and pathological significance of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in high grade serous ovarian cancer

We investigated programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) / programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and its relationship to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and prognosis. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples of 94 HGSOC cases were included in the study. Immunohistochemical analysis (CD3, CD4, CD8, PD-1 and PD-L1) was performed. Samples were analyzed for expression of immune proteins in the peritumoral stromal and intratumoral areas, scored, and expression was correlated with overall survival, stage, and age. PD-L1 staining ratio with a score greater than 0 was found to have lower survival. There were two positive staining patterns, patchy/diffuse and patchy/focal patterns, in 24 (25.5%) cases. Considering the threshold value ≥5%, we demonstrated that the PD-L1 positive cancer cell membrane immunoreactivity rate and patchy/diffuse PD-L1 expression were 9.6% (n = 9). There was statistically significant relationship between high PD-1 scores and PD-L1 cases of ≥ 5%. A statistically significant difference was found between PD-L1 staining and survival in patients with a threshold ≥ 5%. However an appropriate rate for treatment was determined in 9.6% cases. There was a statistically significant correlation between PD-1 positive TIL score and intratumoral CD3, peritumoral stromal CD3, intratumoral CD4 and intratumoral CD8 positive cells. Survival was lower in cases with higher PD-L1 positive stromal TIL score.     

miR-33a-5p in small extracellular vesicles as non-invasive biomarker for oxaliplatin sensitivity in human colorectal cancer cells

microRNAs (miRNAs) contained in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are candidates for non-invasive biomarkers. Oxaliplatin (L-OHP) has been approved for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) chemotherapy. However, the response to L-OHP differs among CRC patients. In addition, CRC cells often acquire the resistance to L-OHP. This study aimed at the prediction of L-OHP sensitivity by measuring extracellular miRNAs levels. Firstly, we compared intracellular miRNAs expressions in L-OHP-sensitive CRC cells (SW620 and HCT116 cells) with those in acquired and intrinsic L-OHP-resistant cells. In microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses, the intracellular miR-33a-5p, miR-210–3p, and miR-224–5p expressions were lower in acquired and intrinsic L-OHP-resistant CRC cells than sensitive cells. Furthermore, in SW620 cells, L-OHP sensitivity was decreased by miR-33a-5p inhibitor. On the other hand, miR-210–3p or miR-224–5p inhibitor did not affect L-OHP sensitivity in SW620 cells. Secondly, the amount of miR-33a-5p, miR-210–3p, and miR-224–5p in sEVs was compared. The amount of miR-33a-5p and miR-210–3p in sEVs secreted from acquired and intrinsic L-OHP-resistant cells tended to be small. miR-224–5p was not detected in sEVs secreted from three types of CRC cells examined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that miR-33a-5p and/or miR-210–3p in sEVs would be candidates for biomarkers of L-OHP sensitivity. In particular, miR-33a-5p is a promising candidate because it would be directly involved in L-OHP sensitivity.     

An animal study to compare the degree of the suppressive effects on the afferent pathways of micturition between tamsulosin and sildenafil

Background

Tamsulosin, an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, and sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, are reported to improve lower urinary tract symptoms including overactive bladder (OAB). This study is aimed at investing the effects of tamsulosin and sildenafil and comparing the degree of the suppressive effects on the afferent pathways of micturition between them using an animal model of OAB, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).

Results

The cystometric parameters, the basal pressure and duration of bladder contraction, were significantly increased in the SHR group as compared with the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) group. The intercontraction interval also significantly decreased in the SHR group. In the SHR-Tam 0.01 mg/kg group and the SHR-Sil 1 mg/kg group, however, the basal pressure and duration were significantly reduced and the intercontraction interval was significantly prolonged. Moreover, the degree of the expression of c-Fos and NGF was significantly higher in the SHR group as compared with the WKY group. But it was significantly reduced in the SHR-Tam 0.01 mg/kg group and the SHR-Sil 1 mg/kg group. Furthermore, tamsulosin had a higher degree of effect as compared with sildenafil.

Conclusions

In conclusion, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists and PDE-5 inhibitors may have an effect in improving the voiding functions through an inhibition of the neuronal activity in the afferent pathways of micturition.     

Mechanics of the maxillary central incisor. Influence of the periodontal ligament represented by beam elements

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of loading on a maxillary central incisor with the periodontal ligament (PDL) represented by 2D elastic beam elements using a 2D finite element analysis. Two models (M) were built varying the PDL representation: Mh (homogeneous PDL) and Mht (heterogeneous PDL with beam3 elements). Stress and displacements were determined for three loading conditions (L): Ll, lingual face loading at 45° with the tooth long axis; Li, perpendicular to the incisal edge; and Lip, on the incisal edge, parallel to the tooth long axis. Evaluation was performed on ANSYS software. Lip provided lower stress variation on the tooth and support structures when compared to Ll and Li. PDL's influence on stress values was lower for Lip. Oblique loading showed stress and displacement not observed in parallel loading condition through PDL's heterogeneous representation and it is probably incompatible with the in vivo condition.     

Effect of the fungal immunomodulatory protein FIP-fve on airway inflammation and cytokine production in mouse asthma model

The allergy is dependent on the balance between Th1 and Th2. The fungal immunodulatory protein (FIP-fve) was isolated from Flammulina velutipes. FIP-fve has been demonstrated to skew the response to Th1 cytokine production. We investigated whether oral administrations of FIP-fve inhibited allergen (OVA)-induced chronic airway inflammation in the mouse asthma model. After intranasal challenge with OVA, the airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness were determined by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis and ELISA assay. Both pre-treated and post-treated with FIP-fve suppressed the airway hyperresponsiveness by methacholine challenge and significantly decreased the number of infiltrating inflammatory cells and Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum compared with the OVA sensitized mice. In addition, FIP-fve reduced OVA-specific IgE levels in serum. FIP-fve markedly alleviated the OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to inhaled methacholine. Based on lung histopathological studies using hematoxylin and Liu’s staining, FIP-fve inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration compared with the OVA-sensitized mice. Oral FIP-fve had an anti-inflammatory effect on OVA-induced airway inflammations and might posses the potential for alternative therapy for allergic airway diseases.     

The role of protein kinase C in the increased generation in isolated rat hepatocytes of the hydroxyl radical by puromycin aminonucleoside

Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) has been known to induce proteinuria. The increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in this toxicity of PAN. We have reported that PAN increases the synthesis of methylguanidine (MG) and creatol which are the products of the reaction of creatinine and the hydroxyl radical in isolated rat hepatocytes. However, the mechanism for the increased ROS induced by PAN is still unclear. In this paper, we investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) on the PAN induced reactive oxygen generation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Isolated hepatocytes were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 3% BSA, 16.6 mM creatinine and tested reagents. MG and creatol were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using 9,10-phenanthrenequinone for the post-labeling. PAN increased MG and creatol synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes by 60%. 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H-7), a PKC inhibitor, at 10 and 100 μM significantly inhibited MG and creatol synthesis with or without PAN. The inhibition rate is dose dependent from 10 to 100 μM. H1004, a reagent used as control for H-7, did not affect (at 10 μM) or increased little (at 100 μM) the synthesis of MG and creatol. Ro31-8425, a potent PKC inhibitor, significantly inhibited (at 10 μM) MG synthesis in the presence of PAN. PKC in the membrane fraction, a marker of PKC activation, increased over the initial concentration by a factor of 1.65-fold at 60 min incubation and 2.16-fold at 120 min with PAN, while it changed little without PAN. These results indicate that PAN activates PKC resulting in increased hydroxyl radical generation in isolated rat hepatocytes.     

Slow rise of Ca2+ and slow release of reactive oxygen species are two cross-talked events important in tumour necrosis factor-α-mediated apoptosis

Tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) was found to be a cell cycle-independent apoptogenic cytokine in cultured fibroblast L929 cells. This assertion is based on the observations (1) TNF-α increased the number of cells with hypo-diploid DNA in a time dependent manner as revealed by flow cytometry, and (2) TNF-α induced DNA fragmentation as resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis. When cells were exposed to TNF-α (50ng/ml), a slow rise in intracellular free Ca²⁺ level and a delayed increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (both observed 3h after the addition of TNF-α) were observed in fluo-3 and furared or dichlorofluorescein loaded cells, respectively. Interestingly, challenge of cells with TNF-α in the presence of BAPTA/AM, an intracellular Ca²⁺ chelator, decreased the release of ROS. Removal of ROS by 4-hydroxy 2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl-piperidinooxy (4OH-TEMPO) blocked the TNF-α-mediated Ca²⁺ rise. Moreover, when cells were exposed to TNF-α with both 4OH-TEMPO and BAPTA/AM, more viable cells were found than from treatment with either BAPTA/AM or 4OH-TEMPO. These results suggest that ROS and cellular Ca²⁺ are two cross-talk messengers important in TNF-α-mediated apoptosis.     

Potential Distribution and Risk Assessment of an Invasive Plant Species: A Case Study of Hymenachne amplexicaulis in Australia

Given the limited resources available for weed management, a strategic approach is required to give the “best bang for your buck.” The current study incorporates: (1) a model ensemble approach to identify areas of uncertainty and commonality regarding a species invasive potential, (2) current distribution of the invaded species, and (3) connectivity of systems to identify target regions and focus efforts for more effective management. Uncertainty in the prediction of suitable habitat for H. amplexicaulis (study species) in Australia was addressed in an ensemble-forecasting approach to compare distributional scenarios from four models (CLIMATCH; CLIMEX; boosted regression trees [BRT]; maximum entropy [Maxent]). Models were built using subsets of occurrence and environmental data. Catchment risk was determined through incorporating habitat suitability, the current abundance and distribution of H. amplexicaulis, and catchment connectivity. Our results indicate geographic differences between predictions of different approaches. Despite these differences a number of catchments in northern, central, and southern Australia were identified as high risk of invasion or further spread by all models suggesting they should be given priority for the management of H. amplexicaulis. The study also highlighted the utility of ensemble approaches in indentifying areas of uncertainty and commonality regarding the species’ invasive potential.     

Isolation and characterization of a mycovirus in Lentinula edodes

A mycovirus was isolated from an edible mushroom, Lentinula edodes, that was suffering from a severe epidemic. Fractionation of the diseased cell extract by isopycnic centrifugation with 50% CsCl revealed that the diseased mushroom was infected by Lentinula edodes spherical virus (LeSV), a new spherical virus with a diameter of 55 nm. The particle of LeSV encapsidated the 12 kb RNA genome by a 120 kDa coat protein. BLAST analysis of the partially sequenced LeSV genome showed 95% sequence identity with a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the mycovirus HKB, which was previously reported as being a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) element. In contrast to HKB, the RNA genome in LeSV is encapsidated by the 120 kDa coat protein. To confirm that the LeSV coat protein is encoded by the viral genome, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the coat protein was determined. The resulting N-terminal amino acid sequence, N-SALDVAPVVPELYFXXLEV-C, was found to be located in the middle of the HKB ORF1, suggesting that the LeSV coat protein was indeed encoded by the virus. To detect LeSV in L. edodes, a primer set targeting the RdRp gene was designed based on the partial sequence of the LeSV genome. RT-PCR analysis showed that 56 of the 84 commercially available dikaryotic cultivars carry LeSV. The transmission pattern of the virus was determined by analysing basidiospores from LeSV-infected and LeSV-free fruiting bodies. Nine out of 10 basidiospores from the LeSV-infected cultivars contained the virus while the spores from the LeSV-free parent were free of LeSV, suggesting that vertical transmission is the primary mode of LeSV propagation.     

Overexpression of Neurospora crassa OR74A glutamate decarboxylase in Escherichia coli for efficient GABA production

This study investigated the effect of glutamate decarboxylase from Neurospora crassa OR74A on GABA production in Escherichia coli. GABA is one of the inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system, and can be used as a precursor of promising biopolymer Nylon 4. E. coli that overexpressed N. crassa glutamate decarboxylase was cultured at various pH levels and temperatures to determine optimum conditions for GABA production. When the recombinant E. coli strain was cultured at 30°C and pH 3, a final GABA concentration of 5.26 g/L was obtained from 10 g/L of monosodium glutamate (MSG), corresponding to a GABA yield of 86.23%.