Development of a new "GFP hop-on assay" system for insertion sequence transposition in Bacillus subtilis 168 using IS4Bsu1 from B. subtilis (natto)

While most studies involving transposition have focused on analyzing the detailed mechanisms of transposition, the cellular conditions under which transposition occurs remain to be elucidated. In Escherichia coli, papillation assay is a powerful tool for transpositional analysis and the isolation of mutants affecting transposition. On the other hand, while our assay system based on the E. coli papillation assay can detect transpositional events in Bacillus subtilis 168, it is not suitable for quantitating transposition frequency because blue papillae on the transposant colonies of B. subtilis are not countable. We succeeded in developing a new "GFP hop-on assay" system that facilitates quantitative detection of the transposition of the FACS-optimized GFP mutant gene. Our assay system is a step forward in understanding the cellular conditions under which transposition occurs.     

IS1631 Occurrence in Bradyrhizobium japonicum Highly Reiterated Sequence-Possessing Strains with High Copy Numbers of Repeated Sequences RSα and RSβ

From Bradyrhizobium japonicum highly reiterated sequence-possessing (HRS) strains indigenous to Niigata and Tokachi in Japan with high copy numbers of the repeated sequences RSα and RSβ (K. Minamisawa, T. Isawa, Y. Nakatsuka, and N. Ichikawa, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1845–1851, 1998), several insertion sequence (IS)-like elements were isolated by using the formation of DNA duplexes by denaturation and renaturation of total DNA, followed by treatment with S1 nuclease. Most of these sequences showed structural features of bacterial IS elements, terminal inverted repeats, and homology with known IS elements and transposase genes. HRS and non-HRS strains of B. japonicum differed markedly in the profiles obtained after hybridization with all the elements tested. In particular, HRS strains of B. japonicum contained many copies of IS1631, whereas non-HRS strains completely lacked this element. This association remained true even when many field isolates of B. japonicum were examined. Consequently, IS1631 occurrence was well correlated with B. japonicum HRS strains possessing high copy numbers of the repeated sequence RSα or RSβ. DNA sequence analysis indicated that IS1631 is 2,712 bp long. In addition, IS1631 belongs to the IS21 family, as evidenced by its two open reading frames, which encode putative proteins homologous to IstA and IstB of IS21, and its terminal inverted repeat sequences with multiple short repeats.     

Sulfurimicrobium lacus gen. nov., sp. nov., a sulfur oxidizer isolated from lake water,and review of the family Sulfuricellaceae to show that it is not a later synonym of Gallionellaceae

Archives of Microbiology - A facultatively anaerobic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, strain skT11T, was isolated from anoxic lake water of a stratified freshwater lake. As electron donor for...     

L-cysteine administration prevents liver fibrosis by suppressing hepatic stellate cell proliferation and activation

Recent studies showed that the function of some amino acids is not only nutritional but also pharmacological. However, the effects of amino acids on liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) remain unclear. In this research, as a result of screening of amino acids using liver fibrosis induced by DMN administration, L-cysteine was selected as a suppressor of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, the number of activated HSCs, which increased in the fibrotic liver after DMN administration, was decreased in L-cysteine-fed rats. Treatment of freshly isolated HSCs with L-cysteine resulted in inhibition of the increase in smooth muscle alpha-actin (alphaSMA) expression by HSCs and BrdU incorporation into the activated HSCs. These findings suggest that L-cysteine is effective against liver fibrosis. The mechanism of inhibition of fibrosis in the liver is surmized to be direct inhibition of activated HSC proliferation and HSC transformation by L-cysteine.     

A plasmid involved in chloramphenicol production in Streptomyces venezuelae: evidence from genetic mapping.

To test the hypothesis that chloramphenicol production in Streptomyces venezuelae depends on the presence of a plasmid, mapping analysis was carried out by using eight markers in addition to chloramphenicol production and melanoid pigment formation. The sequence of the eight markers was determined on a circular linkage map as follows: -his-ade-str-leu-lys-met-ilv-pro-(his-). This sequence resulted in the frequency of quadruple crossover (q.c.o.) recombinants having the lowest value, 3-2 to 4-9%. However, the character of chloramphenicol non-production, which was obtained by incubating mycelia with acriflavin, was not required to explain the results. From these results and other tests, it is concluded that chloramphenicol production is controlled by a plasmid. This plasmid appeared to be non-transferable in conjugation.     

Evaluation of agonist selectivity for the NMDA receptor ion channel in bilayer lipid membranes based on integrated single-channel currents

A new method for evaluating chemical selectivity of agonists to activate the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor was presented by using typical agonists NMDA, L-glutamate and (2S, 3R, 4S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-IV) and the mouse epsilon1/zeta1 NMDA receptor incorporated in bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) as an illustrative example. The method was based on the magnitude of an agonist-induced integrated single-channel current corresponding to the number of total ions passed through the open channel. The very magnitudes of the integrated single-channel currents were compared with the different BLMs as a new measure of agonist selectivity. The epsilon1/zeta1 NMDA receptor was partially purified from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the epsilon1/zeta1 NMDA receptor and incorporated in BLMs formed by the tip-dip method. The agonist-induced integrated single-channel currents were obtained at 50 microM agonist concentration, where the integrated current for NMDA was shown to reach its saturated value. The obtained integrated currents were found to be (4.5 +/- 0.55) x 10(-13) C/s for NMDA, (5.8 +/- 0.72) x 10(-13) C/s for L-glutamate and (6.6 +/- 0.61) x 10(-13) C/s for L-CCG-IV, respectively. These results suggest that the agonist selectivity in terms of the total ion flux through the single epsilon1/zeta1 NMDA receptor is in the order of L-CCG-IV approximately = L-glutamate > NMDA.     

Inhibitors of human 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) discovered by virtual screening

Five human 2,3-oxidosqualnene cyclase (OSC) inhibitors were discovered using the combination of a virtual screening based on a docking study and an isotope-free assay system. All of these inhibitors were revealed to have activities comparable or superior to that of LDAO, a known OSC inhibitor. The computational study of the newly identified inhibitors suggested that CH/π interactions with F444 and W581 contribute to the binding, and these interactions are candidates for additional structural filters in the next generation of virtual screening.