海藻酸微囊在细胞冷冻保存中的研究现状及应用

细胞的冷冻保存是细胞生物学实验中重要的实验技术.长期以来,人们使用冷冻保存液重悬细胞后进行冷冻储存,但是近年来,众多研究者发现传统冷冻方案往往会导致细胞活率大幅下降和细胞功能方面受损,从而很难满足生物医学、组织再生工程、细胞移植技术等高新技术的要求.所以研究者提出利用三维海藻酸微囊包埋细胞后再进行冷冻保存,从而在保证较高细胞活率的同时维持细胞的原有功能,有效的提高细胞的冷冻保存效率.本文概述了海藻酸微囊在细胞冷冻保存过程中的研究现状,同时对其应用进行了展望,以期为后续研究工作提供参考.     

The phytogeographical studies of Thermopsis (Fabaceae)

The present article is the first comprehensive treatment of phytogeography of Thermopsis (Fabaceae) in the world. Thermopsis is one of the few genera within Fabaceae with the distribution pattern of the East Asia-North American disjunction. The distribution patterns of 5 recognized sections (including a new one) covering 21 species in Thermopsis are analyzed, and the results show four centres of frequency of the genus: the Eastern Asiatic Region (9 spp. / 3 sects., including 4 endemic species), the Irano-Turanian Region (7 spp./3 sects., including 3 endemic species), the Rocky Mountain Region (7 spp./2 sects., all endemic), and the Atlantic North American Region (3 spp. / 1 sect., all endemic). In the light of the fact that most species and sections, a number of phylogenetic series of the genus, and the most primitive sections and most advanced sections in Thermopsis occur in the East Asia, the Eastern Asiatic Region might be the centre of diversity of the genus. As the Irano-Turanian Region and the Rocky Mountain Region were just second to that of Eastern Asiatic Region in number of sections and species, and many polyploids appeared in these regions, they were considered as the secondary centres of distribution and speciation of the genus. The speciation looks to be frequent and complex in these regions, and many new taxa have been described from there while many new reduced or incorporated taxa have happened over there. However, recent molecular data has shown that two reduced taxa of Thermopsis are distinct in these regions. Based on the modern distribution patterns and evolutionary trends in morphological characters of the genus, and available fossil record of the genus and the historical geology, we speculate that Thermopsis had already existed on Eurasia and North America before the Late Miocene, and probably originated from an ancestral form of Sophora-like taxa with lupine alkaloids somewhere in the Laurasia in the Early Tertiary or Late Cretaceous. After the separation of the two continents, species on different continents developed distinctly under influences of different evolutionary factors. In Asia, the late Tertiary orogeny, disappearing of the Tethys and aridity and freezing caused by the Quaternary glaciation were the main forces to promote the speciation and evolutionary processes, whereas in North America it was the Quaternary glaciation and the orogeny of partial area to promote evolution of the genus. According to the evolutionary trends in Thermopsis and the distribution pattern of the primitive taxa, Sino-Japanese Subregion of Eastern Asiatic Region may be considered asthe centre of primitive forms of Thermopsis.     

以疏勒河流域为例的“山水林田湖草”生态修复多尺度耦合框架及方法

为解决过去保护修复工程只考虑单要素、单一类型生态系统的问题,我国于2016年开展了“山水林田湖草”生态修复工程,旨在通过整体、系统、综合的方法对各类生态系统进行统筹治理。然而,目前的工程治理中仍然存在对系统内部及系统间耦合概念理解不充分、系统耦合机制不明晰、对“尺度”的关注不足、缺少科学的分析方法等问题,制约了保护修复的成效。对此,首先将多个尺度下的耦合研究方法进行归纳总结,并以国家重点冰川水源涵养区及生物多样性保护优先区——疏勒河流域为例,将耦合方法用于分析要素间、自然生态系统间的耦合关系,最后基于该实例研究,提出多尺度耦合分析框架与“升尺度”保护修复模式,以期帮助相关决策者明晰“山水工程”中要素、系统间的耦合关系,增强治理的科学性与有效性,进而推进我国社会与环境的可持续发展。     

Hedysarum krassnovii B. Fedtsch. (Leguminosae) in China

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Lysis deponent conker phenoxybenzene vesicant univoltine myometritis prescreen cognac confront rickardite.     

榆科榉属的植物地理学

榉属是东亚—地中海间断分布局,分属于东亚植物区、地中海植物区及伊朗—土兰植物区。根据现存榉属植物的形态演化趋势、细胞学、孢粉学证据及其化石资料和古地质历史事件相结合分析,该属植物是第三纪温带森林的孑遗成分而且第三纪末期的喜马拉雅造山运动及第四纪的冰川作用是样属植物演化的主要动力。在欧洲,由于喜马拉雅造山运动及第四纪冰川作用的较强烈,使分布于此的榉属植物受到严厉的生存竞争,未能适应环境的物种遭受灭绝,少数进行适应性变异的物种在极端环境条件下生存了下来。而东亚地区由于自然环境相对较稳定,便成了榉属植物的避难所,因此也保留了榉属植物种较为古老的种类。     

Hierarchical analysis of variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene among Hymenoptera

Nucleotide sequences from a 434-bp region of the 16S rRNA gene were analyzed for 65 taxa of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, parasitoid wasps, sawflies) to examine the patterns of variation within the gene fragment and the taxonomic levels for which it shows maximum utility in phylogeny estimation. A hierarchical approach was adopted in the study through comparison of levels of sequence variation among taxa at different taxonomic levels. As previously reported for many holometabolous insects, the 16S data reported here for Hymenoptera are highly AT-rich and exhibit strong site-to-site variation in substitution rate. More precise estimates of the shape parameter (alpha) of the gamma distribution and the proportion of invariant sites were obtained in this study by employing a reference phylogeny and utilizing maximum-likelihood estimation. The effectiveness of this approach to recovering expected phylogenies of selected hymenopteran taxa has been tested against the use of maximum parsimony. This study finds that the 16S gene is most informative for phylogenetic analysis at two different levels: among closely related species or populations, and among tribes, subfamilies, and families. Maximization of the phylogenetic signal extracted from the 16S gene at higher taxonomic levels may require consideration of the base composition bias and the site-to-site rate variation in a maximum-likelihood framework.      

动态分析沙鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病形成及生化影响

目的分析高脂饮食导致的沙鼠NAFLD疾病进展中脂质代谢、肝功能、抗氧化等方面的变化,探讨沙鼠NAFLD的形成机理。方法雄性沙鼠120只,随机分为对照组和模型组。对照组给予普通饲料,模型组高脂饮食建立NAFLD模型。分别于1、2、4、6、8、16周每组各处死10只动物,观察肝脏病理变化,计算肝指数,检测血清CHO、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、GOP、GPT及肝组织的SOD、GSH-PX、CAT活性和FFA含量。结果模型组病理观察2周形成单纯性脂肪肝,6周动物门管区有轻度炎症,8周出现腺泡Ⅲ带局灶性窦周/细胞周纤维化,16周肝脏中度纤维化;模型组第1、2、4、6、8、16周时CHO、HDL-C、LDL-C及FAA波动性升高,但均高于同期对照组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,TG在1、2、4周高于同期对照组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;16周末GOT、GPT出现了显著性升高（P〈0.01）。抗氧化酶GSH-PX、CAT、SOD活性模型组在第8～16周显著性降低（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论高脂饮食使沙鼠2周形成单纯性脂肪肝模型后,随饲喂时间延长,16周末可发展为中度肝纤维化。脂质代谢紊乱与氧化应激在沙鼠NAFLD进展中的发挥了不同的作用。     

长爪沙鼠的遗传多样性分析

利用17个微卫星DNA标记对Z:ZCLA长爪沙鼠封闭群、野生群和近交系进行遗传多样性分析, 评估群体内的遗传变异和群体间的遗传分化。结果表明：在Z:ZCLA封闭群和野生群中共有9个微卫星DNA标记获得稳定的结果, 分别为AF200940、AF200941、AF200942、AF200945、AF200946、AF200947、D11Mit128、PKC和 SCN, 共检测到41个等位基因, 每个基因的等位基因数从1～7不等, 片段大小在120～283 bp之间, 所有位点的平均期望杂合度(He)和多态信息含量(PIC)值分别为0.5032和0.4656, Z:ZCLA封闭群和野生群9个微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数分别为2.78和2.89, 平均基因杂合度分别为0.3704和 0.3893, 平均多态信息含量分别为0.3256和0.3344, 两个群体都表现为中度多态, Z:ZCLA封闭群较野生群稍低; 在3个近交系中共有8个位点获得稳定的扩增结果, 分别为AF200941、AF200942、AF200945、AF200946、AF200947、D11Mit128、PKC和 SCN, 共检测到11个等位基因, 片段大小在140~241 bp之间, 其中5个位点在群体内表现为单态纯合, 3个位点在群体内表现为单态杂合, 所有位点在群体内和群体间均呈单态性, 表明这3个长爪沙鼠品系基本符合近交系的要求, 微卫星标记技术适用于近交系长爪沙鼠的遗传检测。     

人TRAIL基因cDNA的克隆及其在COS-7细胞中的表达

TRAIL(TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand)是最近克隆的肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)家族的新成员,由于它的蛋白质结构和生物学效应类似于FAS/APO-1L,因此,也被称为APO-2L.     

天麻抗真菌蛋白基因的克隆及其启动子活性

通过构建和筛选天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.)基因组文库,克隆了一个天麻抗真菌蛋白基因组DNA.该基因组DNA含有一个516碱基组成的编码区,没有内含子结构.其启动子区含有保守的TATA盒及CAAT盒.为研究启动子活性,构建了-1 157 bp启动子区与GUS基因的融合表达载体.并将其用农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导的遗传转化方法导入烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)中,获得了稳定转化的烟草.利用荧光检测及组织化学染色法对GUS表达进行了分析.结果表明,该启动子能够启动GUS基因在转基因烟草中组织特异性地表达.GUS基因在根中的表达水平最高,茎中次之,叶中只有低水平表达.而且该启动子具有诱导表达活性,可被真菌及水杨酸、茉莉酸强烈诱导表达.