全文获取类型
收费全文 | 87324篇 |
免费 | 7663篇 |
国内免费 | 31篇 |
专业分类
95018篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 321篇 |
2022年 | 860篇 |
2021年 | 1428篇 |
2020年 | 907篇 |
2019年 | 1100篇 |
2018年 | 1567篇 |
2017年 | 1409篇 |
2016年 | 2359篇 |
2015年 | 3912篇 |
2014年 | 4203篇 |
2013年 | 5035篇 |
2012年 | 6245篇 |
2011年 | 5814篇 |
2010年 | 3813篇 |
2009年 | 3484篇 |
2008年 | 4813篇 |
2007年 | 4677篇 |
2006年 | 4123篇 |
2005年 | 3905篇 |
2004年 | 3617篇 |
2003年 | 3121篇 |
2002年 | 2867篇 |
2001年 | 2525篇 |
2000年 | 2451篇 |
1999年 | 2092篇 |
1998年 | 998篇 |
1997年 | 900篇 |
1996年 | 800篇 |
1995年 | 745篇 |
1994年 | 696篇 |
1993年 | 684篇 |
1992年 | 1329篇 |
1991年 | 1043篇 |
1990年 | 1034篇 |
1989年 | 976篇 |
1988年 | 825篇 |
1987年 | 757篇 |
1986年 | 740篇 |
1985年 | 812篇 |
1984年 | 608篇 |
1983年 | 496篇 |
1982年 | 403篇 |
1981年 | 365篇 |
1980年 | 307篇 |
1979年 | 447篇 |
1978年 | 394篇 |
1977年 | 291篇 |
1976年 | 268篇 |
1974年 | 352篇 |
1973年 | 291篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 8 毫秒
51.
M. A. P. J. Hacking F. van Rantwijk R. A. Sheldon 《Journal of Molecular Catalysis .B, Enzymatic》2000,9(4-6):201-208
Symmetrical dialkyl carbonates and dibenzyl carbonates reacted with various nucleophiles in the presence of Candida antarctica lipase B in organic solvents. For example, reaction of dibutyl and dibenzyl carbonate with an alcohol gave a mixture of the mono- and disubstituted products. Aminolysis, however, afforded only the carbamates, without subsequent reaction to the ureum derivatives. The reaction rates were rather low compared with carboxylic esters; the reactivity increased in the order dimethyl相似文献
52.
Sequences related to the major subunit gene fedA of F107 fimbriae in porcine Escherichia coli strains that express adhesive fimbriae 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract Porcine Escherichia coli strains isolated from cases fo postweaning diarrhea or edema disease were analysed for the presence of fedA , the major subunit gene of F107 fimbriae. The E. coli isolates were known to contain colonisation factor '8813', or to express F107, 2134P or other fimbriae, different from F4, F5, F6, and F41. PCR with fedA -specific primers, restriction enzyme digestion of the PCR product, and nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that 2134P pili, colonisation factor '8813' and fimbriae identified on Australian strains of the O141 serotype belong to one family of F107 fimbrial antigens. 相似文献
53.
Enveloped virus glycoproteins exhibit membrane fusion activity. We have analysed whether the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus, reconstituted into liposomes, is able to fuse nucleated cells in a pH-dependent fashion. Proteoliposomes produced by octylglucoside dialysis did not exhibit cell fusion activity of the G protein. However, by making use of n-dodecyl octaethylene monoether (C12E8) as the solubilizing agent and by removal of the detergent in two steps, we were able to produce fusogenic G protein liposomes. These G protein liposomes fuse to the BHK-21 cell surface at pH 5.7-6.0 with an efficiency of fusion comparable with that of the parent virus. Physical and chemical analysis revealed that the fusogenic liposomes exhibited a protein to lipid weight ratio of 0.67 and showed an average diameter of 130 nm. 相似文献
54.
Kinga Michno David Knight Jorge M. Campussano Diana van de Hoef Gabrielle L. Boulianne 《PloS one》2009,4(9)
Much of our current understanding about neurodegenerative diseases can be attributed to the study of inherited forms of these disorders. For example, mutations in the presenilin 1 and 2 genes have been linked to early onset familial forms of Alzheimer''s disease (FAD). Using the Drosophila central nervous system as a model we have investigated the role of presenilin in one of the earliest cellular defects associated with Alzheimer''s disease, intracellular calcium deregulation. We show that expression of either wild type or FAD-mutant presenilin in Drosophila CNS neurons has no impact on resting calcium levels but does give rise to deficits in intracellular calcium stores. Furthermore, we show that a loss-of-function mutation in calmodulin, a key regulator of intracellular calcium, can suppress presenilin-induced deficits in calcium stores. Our data support a model whereby presenilin plays a role in regulating intracellular calcium stores and demonstrate that Drosophila can be used to study the link between presenilin and calcium deregulation. 相似文献
55.
Lymphatic drainage in patients after replantation of extremities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lymph drainage was studied by means of lymph scintigraphy in eight patients in whom successful replantation of a totally or subtotally amputated extremity had been performed. Scintigrams were made after subcutaneous injection of technetium-99m in the replanted part of the patient and the contralateral, normal extremity. In all scintigrams, axillary or inguinal lymph node activity is seen, implying drainage of lymph by means of the lymph vessels. Retention of colloid in the replanted part (79 to 94 percent) shows no significant difference with the contralateral, normal side (86 to 94 percent). Unquestionable evidence of regeneration of lymphatics in humans is delivered in the three patients, in whom lymph node activity and normal retention percentages are seen on the scintigrams after total amputation of an extremity followed by replantation without anastomosing of interrupted lymph vessels. 相似文献
56.
A bacterial clone carrying sequences coding for elongation factor EF-1 alpha from Artemia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A bacterial cDNA clone was identified carrying one third of the nucleotides coding for elongation factor EF-1 alpha from the brine shrimp Artemia. The sequence of codons corresponds with the known sequence of amino acids of EF-1 alpha in the region involved. 相似文献
57.
Blocking of acidosis-mediated apoptosis by a reduction of lactate dehydrogenase activity through antisense mRNA expression. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
D Jeong T S Kim J W Lee K T Kim H J Kim I H Kim I Y Kim 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2001,289(5):1141-1149
Lactic acid produced from the cells is a potential cause of extra- and intracellular acidification. Due to scarce technical tools, lactic acid that leads to acidification could not be reduced and direct evidence of the relationship between metabolic lactate and apoptosis has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we designed a cellular pH regulation system in CHO cells by a reduction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity through LDH antisense mRNA expression. This inhibited lactate production and, therefore, acidification of the cytosol. Under HCO3(-)-buffered growth conditions, both the parent CHO cells and the engineered CHO cells maintained their extracellular pH and intracellular pH fairly well. However, upon acidification of the cytosol, only the parent CHO cells underwent apoptosis under HCO3(-)-free conditions. In fact, we observed a number of apoptosis-related events only in control cells, including mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release, and an increase in caspase-3 enzymatic activity. 相似文献
58.
59.
J. L. van Leeuwen 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》1999,354(1385):839-840
Preface to Mechanisms of neuromuscular control. A Theme organized and edited by J. L. van Leeuwen. 相似文献
60.
Jeroen M. G. Stevens Hilde Vervaecke Han de Vries Linda van Elsacker 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(6):1417-1430
Bonobos have a reputation as a female-dominated and egalitarian species. We examined the 2 aspects of dominance in 6 captive
bonobo groups. Females do not consistently evoke submission from all males in all contexts. Though females occupy the highest-ranking
positions in the dominance hierarchy, there are in each group males that obtain rather high ranks and are able to dominate
≥1 female. Thus female dominance is not complete and hierarchies can be better described as nonexclusive female dominance.
We studied egalitarianism by measuring linearity and steepness of dominance hierarchies. The hierarchies of all groups are
highly linear. Hierarchies among males are steeper than among females. On average, male bonobos are more despotic than females,
but females too can have despotic relations, both with other females and with males. Hence one can call bonobos in captivity
semidespotic rather than egalitarian. 相似文献